The global health crisis triggered by diabetes has accelerated the advancement of blood glucose monitoring technologies，prioritising non-invasive methodologies and sub-millimolar precision through demand-driven innovation. Enzyme-free glucose sensors，which directly oxidize glucose via electrocatalytic materials，have emerged as research hotspots due to their rapid response，exceptional stability，and cost-effectiveness. To address critical bottlenecks including the trade-off between sensitivity and detection range，mutual constraints between catalytic activity and electron transfer efficiency，and the inverse relationship between mass transport rate and structural stability，current research on electrocatalytic materials for enzyme-free glucose sensors has evolved from single-component optimization to multi-scale collaborative design. Nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides （NiCo-LDH） have attracted significant attention in enzyme-free glucose sensing due to their unique 2D layered structure，tunable Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ and Co²⁺/Co³⁺ redox couples，and high specific surface area. Their interlayer anion-exchange capability enables dynamic regulation of reaction microenvironments，while the bimetallic synergy reduces glucose oxidation activation energy，achieving a sensitivity of 1.55 mA· （mmol·L^-1）^-1·cm^-2 within 0.001~6 mmol·L^-1 range. However，inherent limitations including low intrinsic conductivity （<10^-3 S·cm^-1）and nanosheet stacking-induced mass transfer resistance restrict their wide-concentration detection capability. Although noble metal nanoparticle-modified 3D metal foam-supported NiCo-LDH structures have shown improved electron transfer and mass diffusion，challenges persist in controlling nanoparticle dispersion uniformity and preventing detachment during electrochemical cycling. To address these challenges，we proposed a porous AuRu alloy with high conductivity and 3D interconnected channels to simultaneously enhance electron transfer and glucose diffusion in NiCo-LDH-based sensors. The corrosion-resistant AuRu matrix （Ru doping enhanced passivation in acidic/alkaline media）ensured electrode durability. A hierarchical NiCo-LDH/AuRu/Au-SPE architecture was constructed through hydrogen bubble template-assisted AuRu deposition on commercial screen-printed Au electrodes，followed by NiCo-LDH electrodeposition. Field emission scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） confirmed retention of the porous AuRu framework after NiCo-LDH integration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）analysis verified successful formation of hydroxylated Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ and Co²⁺/Co³⁺ species in the heterostructure. Systematic optimization revealed optimal performance at Ni/Co molar ratio=3∶2 with 300 s deposition time，achieving dual linear ranges （0.005~0.9 mmol·L^-1 and 0.9~11 mmol·L^-1）with sensitivities of 2.73 and 2.36 mA· （mmol·L^-1）^-1·cm^-2，respectively. The sensor demonstrated remarkable Cl^- poisoning resistance and anti-interference capability，attributed to synergistic interfacial electron coupling and hierarchical mass transport channels. These results confirmed that rational interface engineering and structural design effectively overcame the conductivity-catalytic activity trade-off in NiCo-LDH-based enzyme-free glucose sensors.

The overuse of fossil fuels has caused serious harm to the environment and undermined the overall sustainable development of mankind. Therefore，the development and application of renewable clean energy has become a hot research field，and the use of stable charge and discharge electrochemical energy storage devices to store and collect dispersed clean energy has also attracted great attention from academia and industry around the world. Lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）have significant theoretical capacity，excellent performance in secondary battery systems，and have been effectively applied in mobile phones，notebook computers，and other products，maintaining a dominant position in the commercial field. However，LIBs carry specific safety risks，including the use of flammable and explosive organic electrolytes. In addition，with increasing challenges such as depletion of lithium reserves and soaring costs，it is imperative to develop and successfully commercialize a very safe，economically viable，and environmentally sustainable battery storage system. Among the many options，aqueous-based zinc-ion batteries （AZIBs）with high safety and stable charge-discharge performance are widely considered to be one of the most promising. AZIBs have the following advantages：1）the natural abundance of zinc metal is high，2）the electrolyte used in the battery is water，which is environmentally friendly and safe compared to the flammable organic electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries，3）the theoretical specific capacity is high （820 mAh·g⁻¹），and 4）the redox potential is low （compared to the standard hydrogen electrode：–0.762 V）. However，the zinc anode of aqueous zinc-ion batteries encounters significant challenges，including hydrogen evolution，corrosion passivation，and pronounced zinc dendrite growth，resulting in diminished battery capacity，inferior cycling stability，and reduced coulombic efficiency，thereby constraining the advancement and utilization of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Among many strategies，the artificial solid electrolyte interphase （SEI）membrane is considered to be one of the simple and efficient strategies，as it can completely inhibit the interaction between the zinc anode and the electrolyte，while regulating the diffusion kinetics of Zn²⁺ cations. In this study，furfuryl alcohol/aspartic acid （FA/ASP）artificial SEI film was constructed on the surface of zinc anode by esterification using the cheap and easily obtained furfuryl alcohol biomass and aspartic acid as raw materials. FA/ASP artificial SEI film had many polar groups containing oxygen and nitrogen，which enhanced the zincophile of the zinc anode，promoted the uniform deposition of Zn²⁺，and hindered the growth of zinc dendrites. FA/ASP artificial SEI film also hindered the direct contact between aqueous electrolyte and zinc anode，reduced the reactivity of hydrogen evolution reaction，inhibited the occurrence of hydrogen evolution reaction，and improved the corrosion resistance of zinc anode. Therefore，Zn||Zn-symmetric battery assembled based on FA/ASP@Zn could work stably for 950 h at 1 mA·cm⁻² and 1 mAh·cm⁻²，with an average Coulomb efficiency （CE）of about 98%. And FA/ASP@Zn||Cu asymmetric cell could stably cycle for 270 h，which was almost three times more than the bare Zn||Cu asymmetric cell. Meanwhile，FA/ASP@Zn||V₂O₅ full battery also showed an enhanced reversible capacity of 157 mAh·g⁻¹ at 1 A·g⁻¹ and CE could reach up to 100%. The significant improvement in cycle stability and coulomb efficiency illustrated the great potential of artificial solid electrolyte interface films based on this biomass for stabilizing zinc-ion battery anodes.

Manganese-silver ore is an important precious metal strategic resource in China，it often associated with copper，gold，iron，and other minerals. Under the weathering and other environmental effects，Cu²⁺，Ag⁺，Pb²⁺，and other cations can enter the manganese minerals’ tunnel structure，which forming a multi-metal paragenesis ore with extremely complex mineralogical properties. Therefore，it is difficult to study mineralogy，beneficiation-metallurgy technology and engineering in the utilization of such resources. These situations had led to a low-level development and comprehensive utilization rate of multi-metals for a long time. The ore sample came from Fe-Mn-Ag polymetallic ore in Yunnan，China. Raw ore was prepared by crushing，grinding，and high gradient magnetic separation （HGMS），the research object was obtained. This article conducted chemical multi-element analysis，mineral liberation analyzer （MLA）mineral composition analysis，silver phase analysis，potential-pH （E_h-pH）relationship analysis，solution chemistry analysis，and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer （SEM-EDS）analysis. The article systematically studied the main mineral types and contents in ores，the chemical phase composition of silver，the influence of acidic leaching pH on silver recovery，the leaching E_h-pH relationship of iron and manganese，the precipitation conditions of iron hydroxide，the mineral composition analysis of acid leaching residue，the particle size composition and metal distribution of silver in acid leaching residue，and the reaction relationship characterized between silver sulfate and iron colloids by SEM-EDS. The results showed that Ag content in the sample was 66.81×10⁻⁶，Mn content was 2.58%，and Fe content was 43.58%. The content of Mn and Ag were low relatively，and the main element was Fe. Most of the minerals in the sample were limonite，with a content of 70.18%，followed by manganese minerals with a content of 9.17%. The content of visible silver mineral was low，and the main gangue minerals were quartz and dolomite. The distribution rate of silver combined with manganese was 75.47%，while the distribution rate of silver combined with limonite was 6.78%. The content of native silver and silver sulfide were low. When pH of acid leaching was 3，the actual recovery rate of silver reached its highest value，and as pH further decreased，the silver recovery rate decreased significantly. E_h-pH relationship of Fe and Mn in this reaction system was calculated by hydrocarbon system calculator （HSC）chemistry software. Mn²⁺ in the acid leaching solution had a wide range solubility，even in alkaline environments，so it would not have a significant impact on the material composition of the acid leaching solution. Under conditions of insufficient acid dosage，Fe would form Fe（OH）SO₄ and Fe（OH）₃ colloids or precipitates. Under conditions of excessive acid，iron colloids would react with H⁺ and SO₄²⁻to form Fe₂（SO₄）₃，which was soluble. At the same time，Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ would be hydrolyzed to form Fe（OH）₂ and Fe（OH）₃ precipitates. According to solution chemistry calculations，the theoretical pH at which Fe（OH）₃ began to precipitate was about 1.48，and the theoretical pH at precipitated completely was about 2.82. Based on the above analysis，a principle model for the coagulation of silver sulfate by iron colloids had been designed. Through the study of acid leaching residue，it was found that FeOOH-colloid （colloidal hydroxide iron oxide）was a new substance in the acid leaching reaction，with a mineral content of 7.54%. Further analysis showed that the products were the final substance of the aging reaction of colloidal precipitates，such as Fe（OH）₃. Ag distribution rate in acid leaching residue was mainly concentrated in the fine particle size of -0.020 mm，especially in -0.010 mm particle size，where Ag content was as high as 432×10⁻⁶. This phenomenon indicated a significant enrichment effect，and the particle size of newly formed silver sulfate was finer generally. In SEM images，a large amount of FeOOH-colloid could be observed in the acid leaching residue，which was dispersed by ultrasonic waves，but no silver was found. The overall particle size of FeOOH-colloid was extremely fine，even reaching the micro-nano scale. In the agglomerative state of the sample （without ultrasonic waves treated），EDS could detect the points with high silver content. Ag content was 4%~15% and sulfur trioxide content was 4%~11%，which proved the presence of silver sulfate. EDS surface scanning analysis revealed that Ag element was extremely dispersed in the iron colloid，with high brightness clusters appearing in some positions. The two-dimensional spatial scale of silver reached the nanometer level. At the same time，the results showed that the iron colloid can adsorb silver sulfate precipitation. These findings provided some theoretical supports for the efficient utilization of refractory manganese silver resources.

Metallurgical processes of tin are pyrometallurgical refining and electrorefining. Compared with pyrometallurgical refining，although the tin produced by electrorefining accounts for less total tin production，it has the advantages of short process and high product purity. At present，the electrorefining of tin is generally carried out in the fluorosilicic acid system with the assistance of bone glue and β-naphthol. The high saturated vapor pressure and low stability of fluorosilicic acid will cause a certain burden on the environment，which is contrary to the purpose of green and sustainable development of metallurgy. According to research reports，methanesulfonic acid （MSA）is a strong organic acid，which is very stable for chemical oxidation and reduction. In addition，it does not tend to hydrolyze in water and has the advantages of low toxicity，low volatility，high stability and conductivity，and easy treatment of waste liquid. It is an ideal acid in hydrometallurgy. In addition，in terms of additives，bone glue，lignosulfonate，and other ingredients from natural animal bones and plant additives are unstable，resulting in variability of relative molecular mass and structural uncertainty and complexity of actual production. With the technology development trend of green，energy-saving and sustainable metallurgical construction becoming more and more obvious，it is urgent to develop a green method for tin production. Therefore，the chemical synthesis additive assisted MSA electrolyte for tin electrorefining，with high stability and designability，has a greener application prospect. The rectifier was used to provide direct current for the electrolysis system，and the circulation system of the electrolyte with a constant temperature control system and a peristaltic pump was used to carry out the electrorefining test. The energy consumption and morphology were adjusted，and the simulation and verification of electrorefining were carried out. The electrochemical behavior of Lugalvan BNO12 on tin electrodeposition in methanesulfonic acid system was studied by cyclic voltammetry，and the effect of Lugalvan BNO12 on tin deposition was analyzed. The effects of additive content，cathode current density，tin ion concentration，methanesulfonic acid concentration，electrode spacing and electrolyte temperature on power consumption and current efficiency were studied by electrorefining simulation experiments. The energy consumption was calculated by recording the cell voltage data at regular intervals. The cathode sample mass was weighed before and after electrorefining to calculate the cathode current efficiency. The surface morphology of the cathode tin was observed by macroscopic photography，scanning electron microscope （SEM），and optical profilometer. The effect of additives on the surface of the cathode was analyzed by comparing the effects of different additive concentrations on the surface of the cathode. The composition changes of electrolyte before and after electrolysis were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma （ICP）. The changes of peak position and intensity of functional groups before and after electrolyte electrolysis were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The crude tin raw materials and final products were tested by ICP and compared with the national standard. The results of electrochemical experiments showed that the addition of Lugalvan BNO12 to MSA electrolyte could enhance the polarization of the cathode process and inhibit the electrodeposition of Sn，which was beneficial to inhibit the dendrite growth of Sn during the deposition process and achieve the densification effect. Through the macroscopic observation and SEM analysis of the cathode plate，the surface additive Lugalvan BNO12 could reduce the dendrites and nodules of the cathode tin，and make the cathode tin smooth and dense. When the concentration of Lugalvan BNO12 was 3 g·L⁻¹，the best dense and smooth cathode tin could be obtained. The optimal process conditions were as follows：Sn²⁺ concentration was 100 g·L⁻¹，methanesulfonic acid concentration was 100 g·L⁻¹，Lugalvan BNO12 concentration was 3 g·L⁻¹，cathode current density was 100 A·m⁻²，electrode spacing was 2 cm，and electrolysis temperature was 35 ℃. Under the optimal process conditions，the cathode tin was dense and flat without dendrites. The final product was tested by ICP. The results showed that the purity of the cathode tin could reach 99.98%，which reached the national standard of 99.95 grade and AA grade tin ingot. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the peak position and intensity of the electrolyte did not change，indicating that the MSA system was stable. The methanesulfonic acid system had excellent stability，and the solution after electrorefining could be recycled. However，after multiple electrolytic cycles，it was necessary to remove impurity ions，supplement additives and acid，and Sn²⁺ in the solution. In future experiments，online detection and adaptive addition of components in the electrolyte should be increased，expanded production experiments should be carried out，and the influence of electrolyte circulation on electrorefining should be explored.

As the world confronts escalating energy demands and heightened environmental concerns，the imperative for innovative and sustainable energy conversion technologies has never been more acute. Water electrolysis，a process that cleaves water into hydrogen and oxygen，stands out as a beacon of clean energy potential due to its prospect of high efficiency and minimal environmental impact. Within this dynamic landscape，metal-organic frameworks （MOFs），characterized by their versatile structures and multifunctional properties，have risen to prominence as a transformative class of materials poised to revolutionize the field of catalytic water splitting. This review embarked on a detailed exploration of the synthesis strategies of MOFs and delved into the myriad ways in which these porous materials could be meticulously engineered. The hydrothermal and solvothermal methods were known for their ability to generate highly crystalline MOFs. In addition，more recent developments，such as microwave-assisted synthesis and electrochemical synthesis，offered rapid synthesis with controlled morphology. Also，this review introduced other synthesis methods，such as vapor deposition，ultrasonic assisted synthesis，and so on. This in-depth analysis not only provided a comprehensive understanding of the current state of MOF synthesis but also set the stage for future innovations in material design. This review also focused on the application of MOFs in catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction （HER）and the oxygen evolution reaction （OER）and illuminated the remarkable strides made in enhancing the catalytic efficiency of these materials. The mechanism of reactions was dissected to provide a clearer understanding of the role MOFs play. In the case of HER，it needed the Volmer，Heyrovsky，and Tafel steps from acidic to alkaline media. OER，in comparison，was a more complex four-electrons transfer process，and its kinetics was a primary area of focus for improving the efficiency of water electrolysis. This review highlighted the advancements in enhancing MOFs' catalytic performance through strategic structural design and functional modifications. Integrating suitable metal centers and organic ligands into MOFs has been shown to significantly improve their activity and stability in alkaline conditions，a crucial factor for effective water splitting. Despite their potential，MOFs faced several challenges in practical applications，primarily in stability，catalytic activity，and electrical conductivity，particularly in alkaline environments. This review underscored the importance of addressing these challenges to advance the practical application of MOFs in water electrolysis. The need for in-depth research into the structure-performance relationship of MOFs and their catalytic mechanisms in water splitting was also stressed. Such understanding was pivotal for the development of more efficient MOF-based electrocatalysts. One of the most promising developments in this field was the exploration of bifunctional catalysts that were capable of efficiently performing both HER and OER，pointing towards a significant direction for MOFs in overall water splitting. This review showcased various MOFs that had been explored for this purpose，demonstrating their potential in enhancing water splitting efficiency. These examples highlighted the progress in developing dual-function MOF catalysts and underscored their significance in comprehensive water splitting applications. This review also discussed the future perspectives of MOFs in energy conversion. It emphasized the need for continuous research and innovation in MOFs，particularly in terms of structural optimization，functionality，stability，scalability，and theoretical understanding. Researchers were encouraged to delve into the microstructure of MOFs，optimizing parameters like pore size，surface area，and distribution of active sites to improve catalytic efficiency. Furthermore，functionalizing MOFs by incorporating specific organic ligands or metal active centers could expand their performance and applicability. Under high current densities and long-term usage，the stability and durability of MOFs remained areas for improvement. Future research should focus on material design and post-synthesis treatments to enhance structural stability. To achieve large-scale production and application in real-world energy systems，challenges related to cost，fabrication efficiency，and device compatibility need to be addressed. Future research should explore more economical and effective synthesis methods and develop MOFs-based electrode materials that were suitable for practical energy conversion systems. In conclusion，this review presented MOFs as a significant class of materials with tremendous potential in catalyzing water splitting. It highlighted the latest advancements in their synthesis strategies and applications in HER and OER，providing a roadmap for future research and applications in energy-related fields. This review not only underscored the immense potential of MOFs in catalyzing water splitting but also charted a path for future innovations，aiming to harness their full potential in addressing global energy challenges.

Molybdenum metal powder with suitable size，morphology，purity，and dispersityis of immense importance for alloy preparation by powder metallurgy. In the work，the temperature-programmed reduction （TPR）reaction between hexagonal-shaped h-MoO₃ and high-purity H₂ was investigated in the range of room temperature to 1273 K，and various technologies such as Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis （TG-DTA），X-ray diffraction （XRD）and field emission scanning electronic microscope （FESEM）were adopted to analyze the phase transition law and morphological evolution behavior during the reaction process. The results of TG curves showed that there were five main stages in the whole reaction process，among those the mass loss produced by Stages I and II was 5.84%，which was independent of the reducing atmosphere，and the mass loss in the two stages were mainly due to the removal of adsorbed water and ammonium ion existed on the sample surface. The mass loss of Stages III and IV was 12.32%，which was close to the theoretical mass loss of the reduction of MoO₃ to MoO₂ （11.1%），that was，the main reaction took place in the stages was the transformation of MoO₃ to MoO₂. The mass loss of Stage V was 20.65%，which was close to the theoretical mass loss of MoO₂ to Mo （22.22%），so the main reaction took place in the stage was the transition from MoO₂ to Mo. In addition，it was found that the required temperature for each mass loss stage was increased with the increase of heating rate，and the main reason was due to the hysteresis phenomenon produced by the high heating rate. The results of DTA curves also supported this view. When the reaction extent （defined as the ratio of the instantaneous mass loss to the maximum mass loss）was less than α₃=0.1443，the existed phase in the sample was still h-MoO₃. When the reaction extent increased to α₄=0.2510，the residual sample was transformed into the mixture of α-MoO₃ and Mo₄O₁₁，further increased the reaction extent to α₅=0.3088，the reaction product was still composed of α-MoO₃ and Mo₄O₁₁；however，the content of Mo₄O₁₁ in the sample at this time was significantly higher than that at α₄=0.2510. When the reaction extent was increased to α₆=0.4129，it could be found that α-MoO₃ disappeared completely and MoO₂ began to be generated，and the obtained products were mainly composed of Mo₄O₁₁ and MoO₂. While when the reaction extent was increased to α₇=0.4753，the reaction product was only MoO₂. With the continuous increase of reaction temperature，the reduction reaction of MoO₂ to Mo began，and during the following stage，the content of MoO₂wasgradually decreased，while that of metallic Mo gradually increased. When the reaction reached a plateau，the reaction product was only metallic Mo. The total reaction paths of h-MoO₃→α-MoO₃+Mo₄O₁₁→MoO₂→Mo was concluded. According to FESEM images，it was found that the original sample first changed from a smooth hexagonal prismatic structure to a rough step-like structure，then to a smooth and irregular layered shape，and finally evolved into fine smooth particles，with the continue process of the reaction. In this case，the average particle size of the as-prepared Mo powder was measured to be 369.81 nm. The work also found that the chemical vapor phase transport mechanism dominated during the reduction process of MoO₃ to MoO₂；as to the reduction process ofMoO₂ to Mo，however，the pseudomorphic transformation mechanism dominated，and the obtained metallic Mo basically maintained the same sheet morphology as MoO₂.

Diamond wire cutting technology，as a new type of technology，is more efficient，environmentally friendly，and cost-effective compared to mortar cutting technology. Traditional mortar cutting technology has been rapidly replaced by diamond wire cutting technology，becoming the mainstream process for cutting photovoltaic silicon wafer. However，this process will cause 30% to 40% of high-purity silicon to be lost while cutting silicon wafer. This loss of silicon，along with impurities from diamond wire loss，will enter the cutting waste liquid to forming a slurry of silicon wafer cutting waste，the solid content of the slurry is usually 2% to 5%，make it difficult to separate the solid silicon material from the waste slurry. To separate and recover silicon from cutting waste slurry，this paper analyzed the force and settling behavior of silicon in static water under multi particle conditions based on the mechanical mechanism of single particle solid settling and Stokes settling theory. By correcting the settling rate of particle groups in water，the main factors affecting the settling of silicon particles in water were clarified，including particle size，sphericity，and solid content. The silicon particle size range used in the experiment was 0.59 to 3.72 μm，the particle shapes were all irregular，with a sphericity range of 82.2% to 89.4%，and the difference was small. Through empirical formula calculation，various factors were corrected and substituted into the ideal settling velocity formula for a single particle. The research results showed that the sphericity of silicon particles increased the settling time by about 10%，and Reynolds number range of particles was between 1×10⁻⁶ and 1×10⁻⁴，which was lower than the division range of laminar flow zones. The fluid state was not laminar，and the influence of the fluid on the solid was minimal. The settling of the solid under gravity traction would actually affect the fluid state，and the influence of viscous force in the suspension system was greater than that of inertial force，which was not within the application range of Stokes ideal settlement formula. Therefore，the correction of Reynolds number was not sufficient to reflect the actual settlement situation，and further analysis was needed on the force distribution of particle clusters. The change in solid content could significantly affect the settlement efficiency. When the solid content increased，the settlement speed decreased significantly，and the time required for complete settlement increased rapidly. Moreover，as the solid content increased，the increase in settlement time became larger and larger，the difference in settling time between single particles and 5% solid content was about 20%. When 5% solid content increased to 20% solid content，the settling time increases by about 12 times. However，when the solid content increased from 20% to 32%，the settling time increased by about 100 times. The solid content was the main factor affecting the sedimentation of silicon particles. At the same time，the experimental results showed that the final sedimentation volume of silicon particles was generally larger than their initial solid content due to the influence of porosity，and the sedimentation change of silicon particles was stable at low solid content，and the sedimentation volume change amplitude was large at high solid content. The stable state was achieved more quickly at low particle size and low solid content，and the sedimentation behavior was affected. Within 0~10 d，all particles of silicon particles underwent significant sedimentation changes，due to the relatively small influence of gravity and other forces in the initial stage，a stable suspension was formed. However，as stirring stops and time passed，the influence of gravity became dominant，pulling particles to sink and breaking the stable dispersed system. At this time，the number of suspended particles was the highest，and particles formed agglomerations when sinking，making it easier for these agglomerated particle groups to sink and accumulate. Therefore，in the early stages of the experiment，most of the particles had completed sedimentation，forming a phenomenon where the lower part was sediment and the upper part was suspension. But when most of the particles had completed sedimentation，the remaining small portion of particles were difficult to aggregate and had a smaller particle size. They were uniformly suspended above again，forming a new stable suspension system. The particle group underwent a change in sedimentation form during sedimentation，from initial agglomeration and sedimentation in the middle to uniform dispersion and sedimentation in the middle，ultimately resulting in only particle sedimentation in the initial stage of the experiment，and no obvious particle sedimentation in the subsequent stage. Therefore，In the process of solid-liquid separation and extraction of silicon from silicon wafer cutting waste slurry，reasonable control of its solid content，low solid content，and high agglomeration rate could significantly improve the overall particle size，increase solid gaps，and reduce particle interaction forces，thereby improving the solid-liquid separation efficiency.

Photoelectrochemical （PEC）sensors，which achieve accurate recording and analysis of information through the photoelectric conversion of highly efficient semiconductor materials，are a new type of sensing and detection method with low background signal，high sensitivity，simple operation，easy to miniaturize，etc. PEC sensors provide a new means of detecting pollutants in the water environment，as well as applications in food safety and clinical diagnosis，and have attracted extensive attention from researchers. Among them，the properties of semiconductor materials，such as light absorption，bandgap width，and stability，have a significant impact on the performance of photoelectrochemical sensors. Semiconductors are less active due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs，limited electron mobility，restricted light absorption，or insufficient active sites. Exploring semiconductor materials with higher photoelectric activity or modifying existing semiconductor materials has gradually become a hot spot for researchers. In order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency，researchers have modified semiconductor materials by adjusting the size or crystal structure，doping，and constructing heterojunctions. Some researchers showed that when two or more semiconductor materials with different band structures were coupled to form heterostructures，an interaction occurred at the interface. The construction of heterojunctions can effectively improve the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and extend the photo-absorption range，thus enhancing the photoelectric effect of semiconductors. In general，a semiconductor material absorbs photons more efficiently when it has a narrower energy bandwidth. Conversely，it effectively promotes the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Meanwhile，an efficient photoelectric conversion process can be realized by rationally designing the heterojunction structure. When two or more semiconductors with different energy band structures are combined，an interaction is generated at the interface. According to the interrelationships between energy bands，traditional heterojunctions can be categorized into Type Ⅰ，Type Ⅱ，and Type Ⅲ. Among them，the Type Ⅱ heterojunction composite photocatalysts are combined by the interleaving of the conduction and valence band potentials of two semiconductors. By irradiating the catalyst with light，electrons in the valence band are excited to the conduction band. Holes are formed in the valence band，and electrons are excited to the conduction band. The electrons and holes are transferred from the semiconductors with higher conduction and valence bands to the lower semiconductors，which is conducive to reduce the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and enhance the photocatalytic activity. Since the direction of electron and hole transfer in Type Ⅱ heterojunction tends to be toward the semiconductor with lower conduction and valence bands，the potentials of electrons and holes are reduced. This results in a decrease in the reducing and oxidizing abilities of electrons and holes. Z-scheme heterojunction has a similar energy band arrangement to that of Type Ⅱ heterojunction，but the electron transfer pathway is different. The electron migration pathway between semiconductors resembles the letter "Z". This unique electron migration pathway enables Z-scheme heterojunction to increase the efficiency of separation of electrons and holes，while still maintaining a high redox capacity. So that the photogenerated electrons and holes are kept at a higher energy level，which effectively enhances the PEC reactivity of semiconductor materials. At present，research on Z-type heterojunctions in PEC sensing and detection has expanded to the detection of organic pollutants，heavy metals，and immune markers，with broad application prospects. However，the PEC reaction is a complex process，and research on Z-scheme heterojunction has not yet reached the ideal state，there are still several aspects that need further research and resolution. First，the Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic mechanism still needs to be further explored. A fundamental understanding of the separation and transport of carriers at the interface and the reaction pathway of the PEC reaction is essential to realize the breakthrough of photocatalysts in practical applications. To enhance the absorption capacity of catalyst，it is necessary to combine experimental studies with theoretical simulations. Utilizing the light source and reducing the photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination efficiency are both conducive to the design and application studies of Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. Finally，due to the limitation of experimental methods and the uncertainty of experimental conditions，it is extremely difficult to directly analyze the reaction mechanism of catalysts. Therefore，combining PEC principle with the related energy band theory and reasonably predicting the physicochemical properties of the materials through simulations can lead to a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of Z-scheme heterojunctions. In this paper，the development，basic principles，formation requirements，and characterization methods of Z-scheme heterojunction semiconductor materials were introduced in the first part. Z-scheme heterojunction was a structure composed of the interface of two or more different materials，which had excellent photoelectric performance and electron transport characteristics. The research on Z-scheme heterojunction had made remarkable progress and had been widely applied in various fields. In the second part，the advantages of Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts in photoelectrochemical sensing were summarized，and the research progress of Z-scheme heterojunction in photoelectrochemical sensing was highlighted with examples. Finally，the challenges and future research directions of Z-scheme heterojunction materials in the field of sensing were summarized and prospected.

Electrochemical water splitting into H₂ and O₂ is a promising technique for decarbonizing energy and hydrogen production. Among various water electrolysis techniques, proton exchange membrane （PEM）water electrolyzers have attracted growing attention owing to high current density，excellent voltage efficiency，and ultrahigh gas purity，which are perfectly 0%~100% adaptive for transforming and storing renewable energy sources such as solar，wind，and hydro energy. At present，the development of hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis is mainly focused on reducing the number of precious metals，improving the energy conversion efficiency of electrolyzer，and prolonging the service life. The anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）is the rate control step of water electrolysis reaction. The activity，stability，and cost of anodic catalyst have become important factors restricting the large-scale development of PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production. Therefore，it is urgent to find an effective method to reduce the cost and improve the performance of catalyst at the same time. On the one hand，limited by the requirements of the strong acidic anode environment，high anode potential，good electrical conductivity and so on of PEM electrolyzer，while ensuring the performance and life of the electrolyzer，the anodic oxygen evolution electrocatalyst can only use a few precious metals such as Ir and Ru or their oxides as catalyst materials，which are resistant to oxidation and corrosion，but the use of precious metal materials has greatly increased the preparation cost. Therefore，there is an urgent need to further improve OER catalytic performances in terms of atomic activities and utilization rates to maximize the turnover frequency values. On the other hand，developing high-performance electrocatalysts at high current densities is a prerequisite for the commercial application of PEM electrolyzer technology. There are two key challenges to make robust acidic OER catalysts at high current densities. One is strong anodic polarization which destroys the active sites，causing a loss of catalytic activity. The other is the high local concentration of protons near catalytic surface which corrodes the active sites，resulting in poor durability of catalysts. This is a bottleneck affects the efficiency and lifetime of PEM electrolyzers and hinders their industrial use development of catalysts for anodic oxygen evolution reaction at high current. In order to facilitate the practical industrial application of PEM electrolyzers，it is imperative to develop highly active OER electrocatalysts that can operate robustly in strongly acidic media. However，OER activity and stability are often in a dilemma in electrocatalyst design. Therefore，the main challenge at present is how to develop efficient catalysts with less precious metal content，high intrinsic activity，and high stability without affecting the catalytic performance，so as to minimize the cost of precious metal catalyst and accelerate the commercialization process of PEM water hydrogen production. In this paper，from the aspects of reducing precious metals，reducing oxygen evolution overpotential，and increasing catalyst life，the latest research progress of oxygen evolution catalysts for water hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed，mainly including alloying and heteroatom doping，nanostructured and supported catalysts. These electrocatalysts had high mass activity and durability and low noble metal content. Alloying or doping Ru or Ir and its oxides with some transition metals （such as Cu，Fe，Ni，Co，W，Cr，etc.）could change the electronic or geometric structure of the catalytic material and effectively improve the intrinsic activity of the catalyst active site. Through reasonable regulation and design of the size，shape，composition，and structure of the catalyst，excellent nanostructure could be obtained，thus significantly improving the surface area of the material，especially improving the utilization rate of precious metal materials，increasing the active site of the catalytic material，and improving the electron and proton transport. The use of carrier stabilization effect was also of great significance to achieve high activity and stability of OER catalyst，because the electronic interaction between catalyst and carrier could not only stabilize and disperse the active site，but also adjust the interface interaction，so as to optimize the physicochemical properties of catalyst/carrier. Including load capacity，active specific surface area，electronic structure，corrosion resistance，etc.，these strategies were used to develop OER catalysts with low load，high activity，and high durability. Finally，the future developments direction of low-load high-performance PEM electrolytic water oxygen evolution catalyst were proposed：1）Designing functional carrier by using multi-component electronic coordination effect and multi-dimensional structural epitaxy effect，the low-cost and high-stability carrier was prepared to enhance the durability of the catalyst；2）Through surface doping，defect engineering modification，and structural regulation to accelerate the reaction kinetics process and improve the intrinsic activity and utilization rate of the catalyst；3）Deeply understanding the structure-activity relationship of the catalyst，designing and regulating the chemical composition，crystal structure，and surface topography of the catalyst，optimizing the number and distribution of surface active sites，so as to develop efficient water electrolytic catalysts with high activity，stability and selectivity.