A Multifunctional Reducing Molecular Dopant for 16% Efficient Tin Perovskite Solar Cells AITranslate

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Although lead-based photovoltaics have seen remarkable progress, tin-based perovskite solar cells (Sn-PSCs) continue to face challenges due to their limited power conversion efficiency and insufficient operational stability. The primary cause of this performance gap is the susceptibility of Sn2+ to oxidation, which promotes rapid defect formation within the material. To address these issues, we introduced a multifunctional reducing agent—6-(TrifluoroMethyl)benzo[b]thiophen-3(2H)-one 1,1-Dioxide (CF3BTD)—into the FASnI3 absorber layer. This molecular additive serves a dual purpose: it effectively suppresses the oxidation of Sn2+ ions while simultaneously passivating bulk defects. As a result, the treated films exhibit improved carrier dynamics and enhanced crystallinity. Devices optimized with CF3BTD achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 16.00%, with a certified efficiency of 15.06%, ranking them among the highest-performing Sn-PSCs reported to date. Furthermore, these unencapsulated devices demonstrated exceptional operational stability, retaining over 90% of their initial performance after 600 h under continuous white LED illumination at 100 mW cm−2 with maximum power point tracking in a nitrogen atmosphere. This work represents a significant step forward in the development of efficient and stable lead-free perovskite photovoltaics.