Thermal Runaway Gas Production of Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery AITranslate
Abstract AITranslate
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in the field of electric vehicles because of their high energy density and good cycle life. However，the safety of lithium-ion batteries is becoming an important factor affecting confidence in the electric vehicle market. For the battery system，the battery is in a confined space，and the thermal runaway will produce combustible gas to gather in the package，causing the risk of explosion. When cell in the battery pack is in thermal runaway，it is very important for the safety of the whole battery pack to detect and alarm quickly. Obtaining the pressure of thermal runaway gas production of the battery can provide a reference for the design of pressure relief of the battery pack. Combined with the gas composition，it can provide parameters for the system alarm. In this paper，LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 soft pack lithium-ion battery of 63 Ah was used to simulate the process of thermal runaway caused by ambient temperature rise in a limited space by heating the closed chamber. The influence of battery charging state on the thermal runaway process of battery was studied，and the pressure strength，gas rate，gas production，and gas composition of battery thermal runaway under different state of charge （SOC） were obtained，which provided data reference for the thermal runaway warning of battery system. In the experiment，high specific energy NCM622 system soft pack battery was used，and the thermal runaway gas production measuring device was independently developed in the laboratory. A compressed air pump was used to purge the experimental chamber，and a fixture matching the size of the battery was used to fix the sample. The pre-tightening torque of the fixture was set at 1.5 N·m，and the fixture and battery were placed in the middle position of the chamber body. Before the start of the experiment，the air tightness of the device was checked. The standard of the air tightness of the device was that the air tightness rate was less than 0.001 MPa·min−1. Through console operation，the chamber body was heated to 250 ℃ at the rate of 5 ℃·min−1 and kept warm. The real-time monitoring of battery voltage and pressure in the chamber was carried out，and the chamber body heating procedure was stopped when the battery thermal runaway occurs. After the heating stops for 5 min，the gas in the bin was collected by the gas collecting tank，and the composition and content of the gas were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） . The results showed that the voltage drop occurs in the process of voltage dropped to 0 V under the three different states of SOC：100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC，the voltage drop rate was 1.07，0.50 and 0.35 mV·s−1，respectively. The voltage drop of the fully charged battery was the largest and the voltage return time was the shortest. The cell voltage dropped to 0 V and the pressure rose to a peak at about the same time. In the three groups of experiments with different charging states，pressure change rate， （dP/dt） of internal pressure change rate remained at about 0.449 kPa·min−1 after the chamber began to heat. When thermal runaway occurred，the peak pressure in 100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC experiments was 1.88，1.36 and 0.47 MPa，respectively. With the increase of SOC，the peak pressure generated by the battery at the moment of thermal runaway increased significantly. The batteries with high SOC experienced thermal runaway faster during heating. 100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC batteries experienced thermal runaway at 126，149，and 324 min after heating，respectively，and the triggering temperatures of battery thermal runaway were 186，190，and 218 ℃，respectively. According to the curve characteristics of temperature，pressure， and voltage in the process of thermal runaway of 50%SOC battery，it could be divided into four stages. 75%SOC and 100%SOC battery lacked the second stage of stable temperature rise，showed a more violent thermal runaway phenomenon. The battery with high SOC had faster voltage drop rate，faster temperature rising rate，the highest peak temperature，large peak gas production rate，severe thermal runaway reaction，and more harmful thermal runaway. The peak gas production rates of 100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC batteries after thermal runaway were 1.54×104，1.09×104，and 4.51×102 L·min-1，respectively. Under three different charging conditions，the peak gas production rate increased significantly with the increase of SOC，and the time required for the gas production rate to reach the peak decreases with the increase of SOC. After the normalization treatment，the relative content of CO2 was the highest，and the volume fraction of H2 increased with the increase of SOC. For 100%SOC and 50%SOC batteries，the relative content of CO increased and the relative content of CO2 decreased with the increase of SOC. The gas produced by 75%SOC cells did not show the above characteristics. H2，CO and CxHy volume fractions of different SOC cells were 5.84%~8.50%，3.43%~17.12%，and 2.19%~6.32%，respectively.
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Basic Information:
DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23030043
Chinese Library Classification Number:TM912
Citation Information:
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in the field of electric vehicles because of their high energy density and good cycle life. However，the safety of lithium-ion batteries is becoming an important factor affecting confidence in the electric vehicle market. For the battery system，the battery is in a confined space，and the thermal runaway will produce combustible gas to gather in the package，causing the risk of explosion. When cell in the battery pack is in thermal runaway，it is very important for the safety of the whole battery pack to detect and alarm quickly. Obtaining the pressure of thermal runaway gas production of the battery can provide a reference for the design of pressure relief of the battery pack. Combined with the gas composition，it can provide parameters for the system alarm. In this paper，LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 soft pack lithium-ion battery of 63 Ah was used to simulate the process of thermal runaway caused by ambient temperature rise in a limited space by heating the closed chamber. The influence of battery charging state on the thermal runaway process of battery was studied，and the pressure strength，gas rate，gas production，and gas composition of battery thermal runaway under different state of charge （SOC） were obtained，which provided data reference for the thermal runaway warning of battery system. In the experiment，high specific energy NCM622 system soft pack battery was used，and the thermal runaway gas production measuring device was independently developed in the laboratory. A compressed air pump was used to purge the experimental chamber，and a fixture matching the size of the battery was used to fix the sample. The pre-tightening torque of the fixture was set at 1.5 N·m，and the fixture and battery were placed in the middle position of the chamber body. Before the start of the experiment，the air tightness of the device was checked. The standard of the air tightness of the device was that the air tightness rate was less than 0.001 MPa·min−1. Through console operation，the chamber body was heated to 250 ℃ at the rate of 5 ℃·min−1 and kept warm. The real-time monitoring of battery voltage and pressure in the chamber was carried out，and the chamber body heating procedure was stopped when the battery thermal runaway occurs. After the heating stops for 5 min，the gas in the bin was collected by the gas collecting tank，and the composition and content of the gas were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） . The results showed that the voltage drop occurs in the process of voltage dropped to 0 V under the three different states of SOC：100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC，the voltage drop rate was 1.07，0.50 and 0.35 mV·s−1，respectively. The voltage drop of the fully charged battery was the largest and the voltage return time was the shortest. The cell voltage dropped to 0 V and the pressure rose to a peak at about the same time. In the three groups of experiments with different charging states，pressure change rate， （dP/dt） of internal pressure change rate remained at about 0.449 kPa·min−1 after the chamber began to heat. When thermal runaway occurred，the peak pressure in 100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC experiments was 1.88，1.36 and 0.47 MPa，respectively. With the increase of SOC，the peak pressure generated by the battery at the moment of thermal runaway increased significantly. The batteries with high SOC experienced thermal runaway faster during heating. 100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC batteries experienced thermal runaway at 126，149，and 324 min after heating，respectively，and the triggering temperatures of battery thermal runaway were 186，190，and 218 ℃，respectively. According to the curve characteristics of temperature，pressure， and voltage in the process of thermal runaway of 50%SOC battery，it could be divided into four stages. 75%SOC and 100%SOC battery lacked the second stage of stable temperature rise，showed a more violent thermal runaway phenomenon. The battery with high SOC had faster voltage drop rate，faster temperature rising rate，the highest peak temperature，large peak gas production rate，severe thermal runaway reaction，and more harmful thermal runaway. The peak gas production rates of 100%SOC，75%SOC，and 50%SOC batteries after thermal runaway were 1.54×104，1.09×104，and 4.51×102 L·min-1，respectively. Under three different charging conditions，the peak gas production rate increased significantly with the increase of SOC，and the time required for the gas production rate to reach the peak decreases with the increase of SOC. After the normalization treatment，the relative content of CO2 was the highest，and the volume fraction of H2 increased with the increase of SOC. For 100%SOC and 50%SOC batteries，the relative content of CO increased and the relative content of CO2 decreased with the increase of SOC. The gas produced by 75%SOC cells did not show the above characteristics. H2，CO and CxHy volume fractions of different SOC cells were 5.84%~8.50%，3.43%~17.12%，and 2.19%~6.32%，respectively.
quote
| GB/T 7714-2015 | [1] Yuxiao He, Shansong Bi, Xiangjun Zhang, et al. Thermal Runaway Gas Production of Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2025, 49(8): 1190-1199. DOI:10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23030043. |
| MLA | [1] Yuxiao He, et al., "Thermal Runaway Gas Production of Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery." Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, vol. 49, no. 8, 2025, pp. 1190-1199, https://doi.org/10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23030043. |
| APA | [1] Yuxiao He, Shansong Bi, Xiangjun Zhang, Sheng Fang, & Haiyang Ding. (2025). Thermal Runaway Gas Production of Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 49(8), 1190-1199. https://doi.org/10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23030043 |
| IEEE | [1] Yuxiao He, Shansong Bi, Xiangjun Zhang, Sheng Fang, and Haiyang Ding, "Thermal Runaway Gas Production of Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery," Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 1190-1199, 2025, doi: 10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23030043. keywords: {lithium-ion battery;thermal runaway;state of charge （SOC）;gas production} |