Aging Characteristics and Properties of Pb-Sb-Sn Alloy with Different Quenching Rates AITranslate

［1］（郝爱国，柴蓉霞，周朝辉. 塑性变形参数对铅合金流动应力的影响研究 ［J］. 热加工工艺，2013，42（22）：99.）

A G Hao，R X Chai，C H Zhou. Influence of deformation parameters on flow stress of lead alloy ［J］. Hot Working Technology，2013，42（22）：99.

［2］（张家富. 铅合金板带双辊连续铸轧温度场模拟及其实验研究 ［D］. 长沙：中南大学，2010. 1.）

J F Zhang. Simulation and Experimental Study on Temperature Field of Double Roll Continuous Casting and Rolling of Lead Alloy Strip ［D］. Changsha：Central South University，2010. 1.

［3］Prengaman R D. The metallurgy and performance of cast and rolled lead alloys for battery grids ［J］. Power Sources，1997，67（1-2）：267.

［4］Ken S，Yuichi T，Yuichi O，Masaaki S，Shigeharu O. New approach to prevent premature capacity loss of lead-acid battery in cycle use ［J］. Journal of Power Sources，2008，179（2）：799.

［5］（杨占欣，牛义生，赵弟，宋艳龙，闫楠楠. 超低锑铅合金的应用研究 ［J］. 蓄电池，2020，57（3）：101.）

Z X Yang，Y S Niu，D Zhao，Y L Song，N N Yan. The study on properties and application of ultra-low antimony lead alloys ［J］. Chinese Labat Man，2020，57（3）：101.

［6］Jamila S A，Alrowaili Z A，Saleh H H，Alaa H D，Sultan A. Synthesis，physical and nuclear shielding properties of novel Pb-Al alloys ［J］. Progress in Nuclear Energy，2021，142：103992.

［7］（毕晓军，毕思聪，袁志莉. 时效处理对铅钙合金组织结构及硬度的影响 ［J］. 蓄电池，2014，51（5）：218.）

X J Bi，S C Bi，Z L Yuan. Effect of aging treatment on the structure and hardness of lead-calcium alloy ［J］. Chinese Labat Man，2014，51（5）：218.

［8］（姜英，王卫国，郭红，张欣. 铅-钙-锡-铝合金基于时效脱溶机制的二次硬化行为 ［J］. 机械工程材料，2007，（10）：4.）

Y Jiang，G W Wang，H Guo，X Zhang. Precipitation and secondary hardening behaviors of aged in Pb-Ca-Sn-Al alloy ［J］. Materials for Mechanical Engineering，2007，（10）：4.

［9］Dzenzerskiy V O，Tarasov S V，Sukhova E V，Ivanov V A. Evolution of mechanical properties of Pb-Sb-Sn-As-Se grid alloys for lead-acid batteries during natural aging ［J］. East European Journal of Physics，2023，（4）：182.

［10］（张欣，王卫国，郭红，姜英. 固溶和预时效Pb合金冷轧退火后的晶界特征分布 ［J］. 金属学报，2007，（5）：454.）

X Zhang，W G Wang，H Guo，Y Jiang. Grain boundary characteristic distribution of solution and pre-aging Pb alloy after cold rolling annealing ［J］. Acta Metallurgica Sinica，2007，（5）：454.

［11］（夏爽，周邦新，陈文觉，王卫国. 高温退火过程中铅合金晶界特征分布的演化 ［J］. 金属学报，2006，（2）：129.）

S Xia，B X Zhou，W J Chen，W G Wang. Evolution of grain boundary character distributions in Pb alloy during high temperature annealing ［J］. Acta Metallurgica Sinica，2006，（2）：129.

［12］（崔爱林. PbCaSnAlCeAg板栅合金的耐腐蚀性及电化学性能 ［D］. 天津：河北工业大学，2018. 1.）

A L Cui. Corrosioon Resistance and Electrochemical Properties of PbCaSnAlCeAg Grid Alloy ［D］. Tianjin：Hebei University of Technology，2018. 1.

［13］（常海龙，王海鹏，代富平，魏炳波. 三元Pb-Sb-Sn合金的快速凝固及组织特征 ［J］. 西北工业大学学报，2007，（5）：646.）

H L Chang，H P Wang，F P Dai，B B Wei. Exploring a better understanding of rapid growth mechanism of two ternary Pb-Sb-Sn alloys under changing degree of undercooling ［J］. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University，2007，（5）：646.

［14］Dzenzerskiy V，Tarasov S，Sukhova O，Ivanov V. Effects of composition and cooling rate on mechanical properties of Pb-Sb-Sn-As grid alloys ［J］. Romanian Journal of Physics，2024，（69）：605.

［15］（董广壮，陈军修，吴长军，王建华，苏旭平. 两步法变质处理Zn-6Al合金的显微组织和力学性能研究 ［J］. 稀有金属，2023，47（11）：1467.）

G Z Dong，J X Chen，C J Wu，J H Wang，X P Su. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn-6Al alloy prepared by twostep modification ［J］. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals，2023，47（11）：1467.

［16］（王兴隆. Ca元素对Al-Cu合金微观组织及力学性能的影响 ［D］. 济南：济南大学，2023. 1.）

X L Wang. Effects of Ca Element on the Microstructureand Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu Alloys ［D］. Jinan：University of Jinan，2023. 1.

［17］（李宗泽，卫俊鑫，高志荣，袁振豪，曹守臻，韩建超，贾燚. 热处理中双尺寸O相的变体选择和析出行为 ［J］. 塑性工程学报，2025，32（1）：218.）

Z Z Li，J X Wei，Z R Gao，Z H Yuan，S Z Cao，J C Han，Y Jia. Variant selection and precipitation behavior of double-size O phases in heat treatment ［J］. Journal of Plasticity Engineering，2025，32（1）：218.

［18］（张顺科. 高Nb-TiAl合金的高温力学行为研究 ［D］. 沈阳：沈阳工业大学，2022. 1.）

S K Zhang. High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of High Nb-TiAl Alloy ［D］. Shenyang：Shenyang University of Technology，2022. 1.

［19］Bei H，Pharr G M，George E P. A review of directionally solidified intermetallic composites for high-temperature structural applications ［J］. Journal of Materials Science，2004，39（1）：3975.

［20］Sarazin J R，Hellawell A. Channel formation in Pb-Sn，Pb-Sb，and Pb-Sn-Sb alloy ingots and comparison with the system NH4CI-H2O ［J］. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science，1988，19（7）：1861.

［21］Wang W，Dai F P，Wei B B. Formation mechanism of primary phases and eutectic structures within undercooled Pb-Sb-Sn ternary alloys ［J］. Science in China Series G-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy，2007，50：472.

［22］Lam L T，Huynh T D，Haigh N P，Douglas J D，Rand D A J. Influence of bismuth on the age-hardening and corrosion behaviour of low-antimony lead alloys in lead/acid battery systems ［J］. Journal of Power Sources，1995，53（1）：63.

［23］（欧阳璇，杨喜昆，余江英，刘克伟. 铅锑合金改性以及在湿法冶炼上的发展前景 ［J］. 热加工工艺，2016，45（20）：9.）

Y X Ou，X K Yang，J Y Yu，K W Liu. Modification of lead-antimony and its development prospects in hydrometallurgy ［J］. Hot Working Technology，2016，45（20）：9.

［24］Al-Ganainy G S，Mostafa M T，El-Salam F A. Quenching media and temperature dependence of structural and stress-strain characteristics of deformed Pb-2at% Sb alloy during transformation ［J］. Physica B：Condensed Matter，2004，348（1-4）：242.

［25］（李晓丹，刘伟，柴胜利，吴婷，李荣平. 锑对高锡铅再生黄铜铸锭组织与性能的影响 ［J］. 有色金属科学与工程，2025，16（20）：903.）

X D Li，W Liu，S L Chai，T Wu，R P Li. Effect of Sb on microstructure and properties of high-tin lead recycled brass ［J］. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering，2025，16（20）：903.

［26］Zhou T，Yu H，Hu J，Wang S Y. Study of microstructural evolution and strength-toughness mechanism of heavy-wall induction bend pipe ［J］. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2014，615（6）：436.

［27］Wright S I，Nowell M M，Field D P. A review of strain analysis using electron backscatter diffraction ［J］. Microscopy and Microanalysis，2011，17（3）：316.

［28］Yang X H，Yi J H，Ni S，Du Y，Song M. Microstructural evolution and structure-hardness relationship in an Al-4wt.% Mg alloy processed by high-pressure torsion ［J］. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance，2016，25：1909.

［29］（王敏涓，杨光，戚继球，孟庆坤，孙光耀，黄浩. SiCf/TC17复合材料残余应力及界面力学性能研究 ［J］. 稀有金属，2024，48（6）：822.）

M J Wang，G Yang，J Q Qi，Q K Meng，G Y Sun，H Huang. Residual stresses and interfacial properties of SiCf/TC17 composite ［J］. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals，2024，48（6）：822.

［30］（姚无病，王燕. 热轧卷取夹送辊辊面冲击应力分析及冲击痕控制 ［J］. 锻压技术，2025，50（2）：132.）

W B Yao，Y Wang. Impact stress analysis and control for impact marks on roll surface of pinch roll in hot rolling coiling ［J］. Forging & Stamping Technology，2025，50（2）：132.

［31］Boag A，Hughes A E，Glenn A M，Muster T H，McCulloch D. Corrosion of AA2024-T3. Part I：localised corrosion of isolated IM particles ［J］. Corrosion Science，2011，53（1）：17.

［32］Osório W R，Rosa D M，Amauri G. The roles of cellular and dendritic microstructural morphologies on the corrosion resistance of Pb-Sb alloys for lead acid battery grids ［J］. Journal of Power Sources，2008，175（1）：595.

Basic Information:

DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY25010005

Chinese Library Classification Number:TG146.12

Citation Information:

The solid solution aging heat treatment of Pb-Sb-Sn alloy was carried out to study the effects of different quenching methods on the microstructure，mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Pb-Sb-Sn alloy in natural aging. The results showed that，after the Pb-Sb-Sn alloy was held at 230 ℃ for 1 h，the gas-quenched and water-quenched （60 ℃） organization of some α-Pb grains were transformed from coarse dendritic crystals to columnar crystals and equiaxial crystals，and the lamellar eutectic organization composed of a mixture of α' phase （secondary Pb） and β-phase （SbSn compounds） was more dense，and the area fraction of β-phase was reduced，with a decrease in the gas-quenched organization from 19.28% to 17.65%，the water-quenched （60 ℃） organization decreased to 15.11%，indicating that after solid solution quenching，Sb and Sn atoms were solidly dissolved into Pb matrix to form a supersaturated solid solution，and electron back scatter diffraction （EBSD） characterization showed that the grains of the as-cast organization were mainly oriented along the <101>，and after solid solution aging treatment，the grains of the gas-quenched organization were mainly oriented between the <001> <101>，while the grains of the water-quenched （60 ℃） organization were mainly oriented between <001> <111>，so the grain orientation of Pb-Sb-Sn alloy after heat treatment was different with the quenching method. In addition，the orientation difference angle of the as-cast organization was mainly distributed in the range of 0°~15° and 35°~50°，and the orientation difference angle of the gas-quenched and water-quenched （60 ℃） organizations was distributed in the range of 0°~15° and 45°~60° With the increase of quenching rate，the density of small-angle grain boundaries and large-angle grain boundaries gradually increased，and mainly around the eutectic organization. At the same time，the faster the quenching rate，the higher the average local orientation difference of the grains，and the higher the dislocation density，the average local orientation difference of the as-cast specimens was 0.135°，0.183° after aging for 15 d in the gas-quenched specimens，and 0.404° in the water-quenched （60 ℃） specimens. The analysis of microstructure and morphology revealed that the area fraction of β-phase gradually increased during natural aging after quenching，indicating that SbSn phase precipitated during natural aging，and micron-sized rod-like β' phase and nanometer-sized granular β″ phase precipitates diffusely inside α-Pb. The larger β' phase led to the matrix fracture and reduced the mechanical properties of the matrix，whereas the finer β″ phase strengthens the matrix，and the faster the quench rate，the greater the number of fine β″ phase precipitates and the less the number of coarse β' phase precipitates during aging. In terms of mechanical properties，the hardness and tensile strength of as-cast Pb-Sb-Sn alloy were maintained at about HBS 15 and 44 MPa，respectively；the initial value of hardness of natural aging specimen after gas quenching was HBS 15，and reached a peak value of HBS 18.13 after 12 d of aging and remained stable，and the tensile strength was fluctuating slightly from 49 to 52 MPa；and the initial value of hardness of natural aging specimen after water quenching （60 ℃） was HBS 16.43，and reached a peak value of HBS 19 after 4 d of aging，and then remained stable，and the tensile strength was kept at 57 MPa. Analyzing the fracture morphology，it was found that the fracture mode of the three specimens after aging for 15 d was quasi-dissolution fracture，and all the three fractures had dissolution surfaces and tearing ribs，and some of the dissolution surfaces were in the form of a "river-like" pattern. Electrochemical corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solution，the experimental results show that in the case of corrosion potential was basically the same，the as-cast specimen corrosion current was the largest，and then the gas quenching specimen，and finally the water quenching （60 ℃） specimen，and electrochemical corrosion of the specimen after the characterization of the morphology of the specimen was found，the as-cast specimen compared to the heat treatment specimen corrosion was more serious，the surface had more corrosion spots and corrosion of the center of the crater ，and the surface had more corrosion spots and corrosion center pits，and there were more corrosion shedding strip corrosion products on the surface of the specimen，which had poorer corrosion resistance；while the gas quenching specimen and the water quenching （60 ℃） specimen had only corrosion spots and the center of the corrosion pits on the surface，which had a more intact surface，in addition to which it could be seen that the larger the quenching rate was，the better the integrity of the corrosion on the surface was. Due to Pb-Sb-Sn alloy corrosion occurred first in Pb-rich phase，and SbSn compounds were biased in α-Pb dendrites，α-Pb played a role in enclosing the role of protection in the corrosion，and the smaller the dendritic arm spacing，the more dense the eutectic organization，the more conducive to resisting the corrosion of α-Pb，so the solid solution quenching could improve the corrosion resistance of Pb-Sb-Sn alloy and with the increase of the quenching rate，the surface corrosion integrity of Pb-Sb-Sn alloy was better. Therefore，solid solution quenching could improve the corrosion resistance of Pb-Sb-Sn alloy，and with the increase of quenching rate，the corrosion resistance was also improved accordingly.