Refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs),composed of multiple refractory elements,such as Nb,Mo,Ta,W,Ti,Zr,Hf,in nearor non-equiatomic ratios,have recently emerged as promising structural materials for extreme environments due to their high melting points,excellent high-temperature mechanical properties,and superior micro structural stability.Compared to conventional HEAs based on elements like Ni,Fe,or Cr,RHEAs offer enhanced elevated-temperature performance but face challenges including segregation during solidification,relatively poor room-temperature ductility,and,most important,high-temperature oxidation.
To meet the increasing demand for continuously enhancing engineering performance and energy efficiency in a variety of aerospace and energy applications,structural materials with high strength at ultra-high temperatures are urgently required.In the past decade,refractory multi-principal element alloys(RMPEAs),particularly those containing elements with high melting temperatures(Tm)such as W and Ta(hereafter denoted as WTa-RMPEAs),have garnered extensive interest due to their exceptional strengths and thermally stability at high temperatures.Characterized by high Tm,sluggish diffusion,and severe lattice distortion,WTa-RMPEAs exhibit chemical composition fluctuations at different scales,leading to unique mechanical properties and deformation behavior.In this paper,an initial summary is provided of the mechanical properties of typical WTa-RMPEAs at room and high temperatures and the differences in deformation behavior and underlying mechanisms between RMPEAs and conventional alloys are discussed.Additionally,strengthening and toughening strategies and the suggested deformation mechanisms were reviewed.Finally,the challenges in revealing the actual deformation mechanism of WTa-RMPEAs were described,and a brief perspective on the future research of the mechanical behavior of WTa-RMPEAs was proposed.
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density(~2600 Wh·kg-1)and cost-effectiveness.However,critical challenges,including polysulfide shuttling,lithium dendrite formation,and interfacial instability,persistently hinder their practical implementation.Conventional material design approaches face intrinsic limitations in reconciling structural stability with catalytic efficacy,underscoring the need for innovative solutions.High-entropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of multi-component systems typically comprising five or more principal elements,have recently demonstrated exceptional potential in addressing these challenges through their unique entropy stabilization effect,lattice distortion engineering,and multi-active site synergy.Since the advent of high-entropy alloys(HEAs),this design concept has been successfully extended to oxides,sulfides,nitrides,and electrolyte systems,where it exhibits unparalleled advantages in LSB applications.This review systematically evaluates recent advancements in the engineering of HEMs for sulfur cathodes,lithium metal anodes,and liquid electrolytes,with a focus on elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of their enhanced ion transport,catalytic conversion,and interfacial stabilization capabilities.By establishing structure-property relationships and delineating performance optimization pathways,this work constructs a robust framework to accelerate the development of HEMs in energy storage systems while highlighting critical challenges and strategic directions for scalable deployment.
Refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs),composed of multiple refractory elements,such as Nb,Mo,Ta,W,Ti,Zr,Hf,in nearor non-equiatomic ratios,have recently emerged as promising structural materials for extreme environments due to their high melting points,excellent high-temperature mechanical properties,and superior micro structural stability.Compared to conventional HEAs based on elements like Ni,Fe,or Cr,RHEAs offer enhanced elevated-temperature performance but face challenges including segregation during solidification,relatively poor room-temperature ductility,and,most important,high-temperature oxidation.
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To meet the increasing demand for continuously enhancing engineering performance and energy efficiency in a variety of aerospace and energy applications,structural materials with high strength at ultra-high temperatures are urgently required.In the past decade,refractory multi-principal element alloys(RMPEAs),particularly those containing elements with high melting temperatures(Tm)such as W and Ta(hereafter denoted as WTa-RMPEAs),have garnered extensive interest due to their exceptional strengths and thermally stability at high temperatures.Characterized by high Tm,sluggish diffusion,and severe lattice distortion,WTa-RMPEAs exhibit chemical composition fluctuations at different scales,leading to unique mechanical properties and deformation behavior.In this paper,an initial summary is provided of the mechanical properties of typical WTa-RMPEAs at room and high temperatures and the differences in deformation behavior and underlying mechanisms between RMPEAs and conventional alloys are discussed.Additionally,strengthening and toughening strategies and the suggested deformation mechanisms were reviewed.Finally,the challenges in revealing the actual deformation mechanism of WTa-RMPEAs were described,and a brief perspective on the future research of the mechanical behavior of WTa-RMPEAs was proposed.
Cited: 0
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density(~2600 Wh·kg-1)and cost-effectiveness.However,critical challenges,including polysulfide shuttling,lithium dendrite formation,and interfacial instability,persistently hinder their practical implementation.Conventional material design approaches face intrinsic limitations in reconciling structural stability with catalytic efficacy,underscoring the need for innovative solutions.High-entropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of multi-component systems typically comprising five or more principal elements,have recently demonstrated exceptional potential in addressing these challenges through their unique entropy stabilization effect,lattice distortion engineering,and multi-active site synergy.Since the advent of high-entropy alloys(HEAs),this design concept has been successfully extended to oxides,sulfides,nitrides,and electrolyte systems,where it exhibits unparalleled advantages in LSB applications.This review systematically evaluates recent advancements in the engineering of HEMs for sulfur cathodes,lithium metal anodes,and liquid electrolytes,with a focus on elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of their enhanced ion transport,catalytic conversion,and interfacial stabilization capabilities.By establishing structure-property relationships and delineating performance optimization pathways,this work constructs a robust framework to accelerate the development of HEMs in energy storage systems while highlighting critical challenges and strategic directions for scalable deployment.
Cited: 0
Refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs),composed of multiple refractory elements,such as Nb,Mo,Ta,W,Ti,Zr,Hf,in nearor non-equiatomic ratios,have recently emerged as promising structural materials for extreme environments due to their high melting points,excellent high-temperature mechanical properties,and superior micro structural stability.Compared to conventional HEAs based on elements like Ni,Fe,or Cr,RHEAs offer enhanced elevated-temperature performance but face challenges including segregation during solidification,relatively poor room-temperature ductility,and,most important,high-temperature oxidation.
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To meet the increasing demand for continuously enhancing engineering performance and energy efficiency in a variety of aerospace and energy applications,structural materials with high strength at ultra-high temperatures are urgently required.In the past decade,refractory multi-principal element alloys(RMPEAs),particularly those containing elements with high melting temperatures(Tm)such as W and Ta(hereafter denoted as WTa-RMPEAs),have garnered extensive interest due to their exceptional strengths and thermally stability at high temperatures.Characterized by high Tm,sluggish diffusion,and severe lattice distortion,WTa-RMPEAs exhibit chemical composition fluctuations at different scales,leading to unique mechanical properties and deformation behavior.In this paper,an initial summary is provided of the mechanical properties of typical WTa-RMPEAs at room and high temperatures and the differences in deformation behavior and underlying mechanisms between RMPEAs and conventional alloys are discussed.Additionally,strengthening and toughening strategies and the suggested deformation mechanisms were reviewed.Finally,the challenges in revealing the actual deformation mechanism of WTa-RMPEAs were described,and a brief perspective on the future research of the mechanical behavior of WTa-RMPEAs was proposed.
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Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density(~2600 Wh·kg-1)and cost-effectiveness.However,critical challenges,including polysulfide shuttling,lithium dendrite formation,and interfacial instability,persistently hinder their practical implementation.Conventional material design approaches face intrinsic limitations in reconciling structural stability with catalytic efficacy,underscoring the need for innovative solutions.High-entropy materials(HEMs),a novel class of multi-component systems typically comprising five or more principal elements,have recently demonstrated exceptional potential in addressing these challenges through their unique entropy stabilization effect,lattice distortion engineering,and multi-active site synergy.Since the advent of high-entropy alloys(HEAs),this design concept has been successfully extended to oxides,sulfides,nitrides,and electrolyte systems,where it exhibits unparalleled advantages in LSB applications.This review systematically evaluates recent advancements in the engineering of HEMs for sulfur cathodes,lithium metal anodes,and liquid electrolytes,with a focus on elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of their enhanced ion transport,catalytic conversion,and interfacial stabilization capabilities.By establishing structure-property relationships and delineating performance optimization pathways,this work constructs a robust framework to accelerate the development of HEMs in energy storage systems while highlighting critical challenges and strategic directions for scalable deployment.
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