Current Status and Prospects of Zinc Electrowinning Research AITranslate

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L Yang. Study on Corrosion Resistance and zinc Nucleation Mechanism of Aluminum Alloy Cathode for Electrodeposition of Zinc［D］. Kunming：Kunming University of Science and Technology，2020. 1.

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［77］Wang X B，Wang J L，Tong X N，Wu S，Wei J L，Chen B M，Xu R D，Yang L J. Constructing of Pb-Sn/α-PbO2/β-PbO2-Co2MnO4 composite electrode for enhanced oxygen evolution and zinc electrowinning［J］. Materials Today Physics，2023，35：101068.

［78］Wang X B，Wang J L，Yu B H，Jiang W H，Wei J L，Chen B M，Xu R D，Yang L J. Facile synthesis MnCo2O4.5@C nanospheres modifying PbO2 energy-saving electrode for zinc electrowinning［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2022，428：128212.

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Basic Information:

DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23090001

Chinese Library Classification Number:TF813

Citation Information:

Zinc，as an important non-ferrous metal，has a consumption rate second only to copper and aluminum. With increasing global attention to resources and energy，the demand for zinc continues to rise，requiring the metallurgical industry to focus more on high efficiency，low carbon emissions，and sustainability. Although China's zinc resources are abundant，their distribution is characterized by a scarcity of high-grade ore and an abundance of low-grade ore. Therefore，many scientists and technologists are committed to improving existing zinc metallurgy technologies to achieve efficient and green production. This effort aims to address the imbalance between zinc supply and demand caused by the scarcity of zinc resources and growing demand. Nowadays，zinc hydrometallurgy accounts for more than 85% of zinc metallurgy process，which mainly consists of roasting，leaching，purification，electrowinning and casting. Electrowinning，a crucial step in the zinc hydrometallurgy process，accounts for approximately 80% of the total energy consumption. How to reduce the energy consumption of zinc electrowinning process and improve the current efficiency has always been the focus of practitioners. Impurities，additives，organic compounds，and electrode materials all influence the energy consumption and current efficiency of zinc electrowinning. The type and content of impurities in the electrolyte is an important factor. Impurities are easily precipitated together with the zinc cathode to form a microcell，which accelerates the rate of hydrogen precipitation and inhibits cathodic polarization，leading to a reduction in current efficiency and a deterioration in the zinc cathode's purity and morphology. An excessive concentration of Mg²⁺ in the solution increases its viscosity，hindering the diffusion and deposition of Zn²⁺. While F⁻ and Cl⁻ can corrode electrode materials and even produce toxic gases. Appropriate use of organic additives not only reduces the hazards of impurities，but also increases current efficiency and improves cathode zinc quality. Organic additives can inhibit the precipitation of impurities and hydrogen after adsorption on the cathode，but when the content of organic additives in the solution exceeds the standard，it will inhibit the precipitation of zinc，and even cause burnt plate and back to solution. With the zinc hydrometallurgy process to bring in organic matter on the impact of zinc electrowinning should not be ignored，such organic matter into the electrowinning solution leads to current efficiency and cathode zinc morphology deterioration，energy consumption will increase. Activated carbon can purify some of the organics to a certain extent，but more efficient，environmentally friendly and convenient methods should be developed to remove all kinds of organics from the electrolyte. The overpotential of cathode and anode materials during electrowinning significantly influences the energy consumption of the process，the high oxygen precipitation overpotential of anode materials will increase the energy consumption，and the cathode materials need to increase the hydrogen precipitation overpotential as much as possible in order to inhibit the precipitation of hydrogen and promote the precipitation of zinc. F⁻ and Cl⁻ in the solution corrode the pure aluminum cathode，which will lead to uneven current distribution in the plate and affect the cathode life. The introduction of aluminum alloy cathodes has the potential to improve corrosion resistance and electrochemical properties. Additionally，aluminum alloy exhibits better nucleation properties than pure aluminum. However，the stability and industrial applicability of aluminum alloy cathodes require further verification. The modification of traditional anode can make up for the shortcomings of lead-silver alloy such as high cost，high oxygen precipitation potential and low strength. The studies have shown that the corrosion resistance and electrochemical activity of lead-silver anodes with added alloying elements have been improved，especially the oxygen precipitation potential and working voltage of lead-silver alloys doped with rare-earth elements have been significantly reduced. In addition，special processing of the anode can generate a dense protective film，such as β-PbO₂ oxide film，on the anode surface. The anode protective film has the advantages of strong stability and low activation energy of oxygen precipitation reaction. The development of new anode materials，such as titanium-based anodes，offers promising alternatives due to their superior conductivity and corrosion resistance. These anodes can reduce the oxygen precipitation potential by over 100 mV. However，the complexity and high cost of their preparation process，along with fluctuations in current efficiency，have hindered their industrial application. This paper reviewed the effects of impurities，organic additives，organic compounds，and electrode materials on zinc electrowinning. It analyzed their influencing behaviors and mechanisms and proposed future research directions，including：1） studying the synergistic effects of multiple impurities and their mechanisms；2） exploring efficient methods for removing organic compounds；3） optimizing processes from source to tail to mitigate the adverse effects of impurities and organic matter；and 4） developing high-performance，stable electrode materials suitable for industrial production.