Research Status of Rubidium Element Separation and Extraction AITranslate

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Basic Information:

DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24060003

Chinese Library Classification Number:TQ028.8

Citation Information:

Rubidium （Rb），as a rare and precious metal，is widely utilized in high-tech fields such as national defense，aerospace，space technology，communication and information industries，and nuclear energy. According to a 2023 report by the United States Geological Survey （USGS），specialty glass represents the primary market for rubidium，wherein rubidium carbonate reduces conductivity，thereby enhancing the stability and durability of fiber optic communication networks. Rubidium salts are employed in anti-shock agents，antidepressants，and treatments for epilepsy and thyroid disorders. Owing to its unique photoelectric emission properties，rubidium is used in motion sensors，night vision devices，phototubes，and photomultiplier tubes as a signal-generating component. Rubidium atomic clocks play a critical role in global positioning systems. An emerging application of rubidium lies in quantum computing devices，particularly with recent advances in photovoltaic cells，atomic clocks，and laser technologies，which have driven increasing demand for rubidium.Currently，the extraction of rubidium from natural sources is technically complex and challenging，resulting in low production volumes and high market prices. However，while annual production of these base metals reaches millions of tons，rubidium output remains limited to merely a few tons per year. Moreover，rubidium is 30 times more abundant than cesium and four times more abundant than lithium，yet it is typically recovered only as a byproduct during the extraction of these elements. This disparity arises because metals such as copper，lead，zinc，cesium，and lithium can form independent minerals that accumulate into economically viable deposits，facilitating their extraction. In contrast，rubidium is chemically reactive and readily loses its outermost electron，causing it to associate with other minerals rather than forming discrete rubidium minerals or deposits.Rubidium resources in nature occur in two primary forms：1） as inorganic salts dissolved in saline waters such as salt lakes and seawater，and 2） within minerals including lepidolite，pollucite，and granite. Currently，rubidium is mainly obtained as a byproduct during cesium and lithium extraction，with pollucite and lepidolite serving as the principal sources，containing up to 3.5% and 1.5% rubidium，respectively. Most rubidium is derived from lepidolite，with a smaller fraction sourced from pollucite. The dispersed distribution of rubidium resources and their coexistence with other ions present significant challenges for separation and extraction. Current extraction methods include solvent extraction，adsorption，and electrochemical techniques. Solvent extraction remains the industrial standard for rubidium recovery，employing extractants such as substituted phenols and crown ethers；however，it suffers from difficulties in the back-extraction stage. Adsorption is the most widely studied method for rubidium separation，operating via ion-exchange mechanisms，and offers advantages including environmental compatibility and process simplicity. Nonetheless，competing ions-particularly alkali metals and certain divalent cations—can occupy adsorption sites，thereby reducing adsorption efficiency. Electrochemical extraction has emerged recently as a novel approach，utilizing electrical potential as a driving force. This method integrates the benefits of traditional adsorbents with electrochemical reactions，enabling effective rubidium separation and recovery. To enhance adsorption capacity，recent research has focused on developing novel adsorbent materials，optimizing adsorption conditions，and exploring new adsorption mechanisms. The selectivity of various technologies for rubidium has been systematically compared. This review critically examined the recovery of rubidium using these separation technologies，assessing their feasibility and limitations in practical applications. Finally，future directions and application prospects for rubidium extraction were discussed，emphasizing how technological innovation and process optimization could achieve efficient，environmentally sustainable，and economically viable rubidium recovery.