Preparation and Gas Sensing Properties of WS₂/Cd₂SnO₄ Composite Materials AITranslate

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Basic Information:

DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23110007

Chinese Library Classification Number:O614.121

Citation Information:

The traditional methods of detecting volatile organic compounds （VOCs） are not able to provide real-time monitoring，and are complex to operate. Therefore，there is a need to develop a portable and cost-effective alternative to satisfy market requirements. The gas sensor technology is a potential means of dealing with this issue. Cadmium stannate （Cd₂SnO₄） is a n-type semiconductor metal oxide that is simple to synthesize and exhibited good thermal stability and high electron mobility. The actual application of gas sensing materials is hampered by the limitations of single metal oxide，including high operating temperatures，low gas response values，slow response times，and so on. The gas sensors based on metal oxide semiconductor materials could enhance their gas-sensing performance through morphology control，noble metal ion modification，and construction heterostructure. Tungsten disulfide （WS₂），an n-type semiconductor material with high specific surface area and high electron mobility，when combined with metal oxides could be used to modify or enhance the gas sensing properties of the material. In this research，cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate （Cd（NO₃）₃·4H₂O） and tin tetrachloride pentahydrate （SnCl₄·5H₂O） were utilized as raw materials. After thorough mixing and adjustment of pH to 9.5，the resulting suspension was held at 170 ℃ for 16 h. Then，it was cooled，filtered，washed，and dried to obtain a white solid. The solid was subsequently ground and placed in a muffle furnace，heated at a rate of 5 ℃·min⁻¹ until it reached 550 ℃，and held for 2 h to obtain yellow Cd₂SnO₄ powder. Five different volumes of WS₂ dispersion were taken and placed into beakers，and the same amount of Cd₂SnO₄ powder was added. The combination was stirred with anhydrous ethanol for 2 h and then treated with ultrasound for 2 h. Next，the resulting solution was centrifugally washed，dried，and ground thoroughly. X-ray diffraction （XRD），X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were used to characterize the phase composition and microstructure of the composite materials. XRD patterns of the composite materials showed separate diffraction peaks，which could be attributed to the overlapping of the peak positions of WS₂ and Cd₂SnO₄ crystal planes but with large differences in diffraction peak intensities. XPS spectra showed no impurity elements and a consistent distribution of elemental valence states with the target product，confirming the successful synthesis of Cd₂SnO₄. From SEM images of Cd₂SnO₄ and WS₂/Cd₂SnO₄ composites，it could be observed that the addition of WS₂ reduced the agglomeration of Cd₂SnO₄ particles and increased the material’s specific surface area，thereby exposing more active sites and enhancing the gas sensing properties. The gas sensing properties of Cd₂SnO₄ and WS₂/Cd₂SnO₄ composites were tested，and it was found that the addition of WS₂ enhanced the gas sensing properties of Cd₂SnO₄. Testing eight different gases at various temperatures，it could be found that the composite material exhibited the highest response to trimethylamine. With the addition of 2.5% of WS₂ （WCS-2.5 composite），the composite showed response of 37.1 to 100×10⁻⁶ trimethylamine and 6.5 to ethanol at 170 ℃，which were respectively 24.7 and 6.5 times higher than pure Cd₂SnO₄ under the same conditions. The incorporation of WS₂ not only heightened the response of Cd₂SnO₄，but also enhanced its gas selectivity. The response and recovery curves illustrated that the response and recovery times of composite material to 100×10⁻⁶ trimethylamine were 83 and 12 s at 170 ℃，respectively. The composite material still showed response of 1.5 when the trimethylamine concentration was 0.1×10⁻⁶. The gas sensing properties of materials were significantly influenced by relative humidity. The results showed that the response of the composite material to 100×10⁻⁶ trimethylamine was considerably impacted by relative humidity. This phenomenon could be ascribed to the promotion of oxygen adsorption by water at low relative humidity，whereas high relative humidity led to water molecules occupying the active sites on the material surface，consequently diminishing its sensitivity. The gas sensing mechanism of the composite material was elucidated using the surface charge control theory. In ambient air，oxygen molecules received electrons from the conduction band of the gas sensing material，resulting in the formation of oxygen ions and an increase in material resistance. In the presence of trimethylamine gas，the oxygen ions reacted with trimethylamine，thereby releasing the acquired electrons and reducing the resistance of the gas sensing material. In word，WCS-2.5 composite represented a promising candidate for trimethylamine detection.