Research Progress on Activation of Persulfate Degradation Wastewater by Molybdenum
Compounds

Yitong Yang1,2; Qiaoyun Chen2; Mengjia Li2; Li Song2; Kemei Pei1; Lei Li2

doi:10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24120021

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Chinese Journal of Rare Metals

Volume 49, Issue 9

pp. 1454-1465 (2025)

DOI: 10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24120021

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Citations: 0

Received: 2024-12-28

Revised: 2025-03-24

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Published: 2026-09-22

Research Progress on Activation of Persulfate Degradation Wastewater by Molybdenum Compounds AITranslate

Yitong Yang^1,2; Qiaoyun Chen²; Mengjia Li²; Li Song²; Kemei Pei¹; Lei Li²;

1.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering，Zhejiang Sci-Tech University，Hangzhou 310018，China
2.College of Biological，Chemical Sciences and Engineering，Jiaxing University，Jiaxing 314001，China

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Abstract AITranslate

With the development of industrialization，a large number of chemicals are used in daily activities，resulting in more and more refractory organic pollutants in environmental waters，such as pesticides widely used in agriculture，pharmaceuticals employed in the medical industry，dyes and preservatives used in everyday life，even daily necessities such as skin care products and cosmetics. These organic pollutants can enter the environmental water body through various ways and accumulate residues in it and finally enter the human body through direct ingestion，bioaccumulation，and other ways，which pose a great threat to human health. Advanced oxidation technologies （AOPs）are a typical and effective water treatment method. Most AOPs are based on peroxide compounds that can be activated，such as hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂），peroxymonosulfate （PMS），peroxydisulfate （PDS），and peracetic acid （PAA）for Fenton/Fenton-like reactions. Advanced oxidation technology using persulfate （PS）as an oxidant （including PMS and PDS）can produce a series of reactive oxygen species （ROS）such as sulfate radical （ ${SO}_{4}^{\cdot -}$ ），hydroxyl radical （·OH），superoxide radical （ $O_{2}^{\cdot -}$ ），and singlet oxygen （¹O₂）after activation. Compared with H₂O₂，PS has a higher oxidation potential，a longer half-life，and a wider pH range，which makes PS-based wastewater purification widely concerned. However，the slow activation process and low degradation rate of PS limit its development. As the largest country in molybdenum resources，China has an abundant reserve. The d-orbital electron configuration of molybdenum is flexible，which gives Mo a variety of valence states. Molybdenum-based oxides，molybdenum-based chalcogenides，molybdenum-based carbides，and other molybdenum-based compounds have stable physicochemical properties，good electrical conductivity，flexible valence ability，and excellent photoelectron-hole generation ability via light response. These make them considered good PS activators，and can also be used as cocatalysts in composite catalysts to provide electrons for the reduction of other transition metals，and also have significant advantages in the field of light-assisted activation of PS. In this paper，the mechanism of radical production by PMS，PDS，and H₂O₂ was analyzed from the structural perspective and compared with the difficulty of their activation to wastewater degradation by structural symmetry. The PS degradation mechanism involved multiple steps，including O-O bond cleavage （activation），free radical generation，and degradation of target pollutants，among which PS activation and free radical generation were the key steps. Focusing on the free radical pathway and non-free radical pathway，the possible PS activation pathways in the degradation process of pollutants were described，and the fundamental differences between the formation modes and degradation mechanisms of both of the above were analyzed by combining valence bond theory and crystal field theory. The paper recommended the existence forms of several molybdenum-based compounds，such as MoO₂，MoO₃，MoS₂ （one trigonal-MoS₂，two hexadonal-MoS₂，three rhombohedral-MoS₂），MoSe₂，MoC，and Mo₂C，were discussed in detail，and their structural characteristics and corresponding physicochemical properties were discussed in depth. These Mo-based materials have shown significant advantages in many fields，such as transition metal activation and photoactivation. Mo-based materials could not only quickly break the persulfate O-O bond to form ${SO}_{4}^{\cdot -}$ and ·OH through the oxidation process，but also reduce the oxidized Mo（Ⅵ）and produce ¹O₂ to achieve efficient degradation of organic pollutants. At the same time，Mo-based materials could also act as cocatalysts to synergize with other transition metals and participate in pollutant degradation as active and reducing components. Mo-based compounds could also play an important role in the generation of photogenerated electrons under light to assist in the activation of PS. Finally，some problems in the field of molybdenum-based catalysts were pointed out. For example，Mo-based catalysts have shown poor cycling stability in some studies，which was speculated to mean that part of the active sites were occupied by reaction intermediates，resulting in a decrease in the activation ability of PMS. Most of the Mo-based catalysts reported so far remain in the laboratory stage，and their performance in complex actual water bodies was often not ideal，which was far from the purpose of practical application. How to realize the practical application of Mo-based catalysts and then realize the industrial application should be studied.

KeyWords AITranslate

molybdenum-based compounds persulfate （PS） advanced oxidation techniques （AOPs） water treatment organic pollutants

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Basic Information:

DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24120021

Chinese Library Classification Number:X703

Citation Information:

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GB/T 7714-2015	[1] Yitong Yang, Qiaoyun Chen, Mengjia Li, et al. Research Progress on Activation of Persulfate Degradation Wastewater by Molybdenum Compounds[J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2025, 49(9): 1454-1465. DOI:10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24120021.
MLA	[1] Yitong Yang, et al., "Research Progress on Activation of Persulfate Degradation Wastewater by Molybdenum Compounds." Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, vol. 49, no. 9, 2025, pp. 1454-1465, https://doi.org/10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24120021.
APA	[1] Yitong Yang, Qiaoyun Chen, Mengjia Li, Li Song, Kemei Pei, & Lei Li. (2025). Research Progress on Activation of Persulfate Degradation Wastewater by Molybdenum Compounds. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 49(9), 1454-1465. https://doi.org/10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24120021
IEEE	[1] Yitong Yang, Qiaoyun Chen, Mengjia Li, Li Song, Kemei Pei, and Lei Li, "Research Progress on Activation of Persulfate Degradation Wastewater by Molybdenum Compounds," Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1454-1465, 2025, doi: 10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24120021. keywords: {molybdenum-based compounds;persulfate （PS）;advanced oxidation techniques （AOPs）;water treatment;organic pollutants}

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