Effect of ZnO Electron Transport Layer on Performance of All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells AITranslate

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Basic Information:

DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY24100019

Chinese Library Classification Number:TN366

Citation Information:

Perovskite materials have garnered extensive attention in the application domain of optoelectronic devices due to their merits such as long carrier diffusion length，high carrier mobility，low trap state density，and high photoluminescence quantum efficiency. In 2009，Miyasaka et al. utilized MAPbI₃ as the light absorption layer in the structure of dye-sensitized solar cells （DSSC），attaining a photoelectric conversion efficiency （PCE）of 3.8%，realizing the first application of perovskite materials in solar cells. Perovskite solar cells （PSCs）have emerged as a promising technology in the field of renewable energy due to their high efficiency and low production costs. Among various materials，zinc oxide （ZnO）nano-semiconductor thin films have gained significant attention as an electron transport layer （ETL）in PSCs. ZnO offers several advantages，including its high electron mobility，low cost，and reduced energy consumption during fabrication. These properties make ZnO an ideal candidate for the production of flexible devices，positioning it as a superior alternative to traditional titanium dioxide （TiO₂）ETLs. Despite the extensive research and attention that ZnO nano-semiconductor thin films have received in the context of PSCs，there remains a need for further exploration，particularly concerning their application in all-inorganic systems. While most studies have concentrated on the use of ZnO in organic-inorganic hybrid PSCs，reports on its integration into the all-inorganic CsPbI₃ system are notably fewer. This gap in research prompted the investigation presented in this paper. To address this，the colloidal spin-coating method was employed to fabricate ZnO nanoparticle layers on fluorine-doped tin oxide （FTO）substrates. By manipulating various parameters such as precursor concentrations，annealing times，and annealing temperatures，the study aimed to understand how these conditions influence the formation and growth of ZnO nanoparticle layers，and subsequently，the performance of the all-inorganic perovskite layer and the PCE of the solar cell device. The experimental results demonstrated that the concentration of the colloidal solution，along with the duration and temperature of the annealing process，played a crucial role in determining the quality of the ZnO nanoparticle layers. These factors directly impact the formation and growth of the perovskite thin films. Specifically，when a colloidal solution with a concentration of 0.50 mol·L⁻¹ was annealed at a temperature of 300 ℃ for a duration of 5 min，the resulting ZnO films exhibited the fewest surface pores and the most uniform particle distribution. This optimal condition was found to be most favorable for the growth of all-inorganic perovskite films，thereby enhancing the photoelectric performance of the solar cell devices to a significant extent. Furthermore，a layer composed of ZnO nanoparticles，which had been subjected to various annealing temperatures，was employed as the electron transport layer in this study. Once a completely inorganic perovskite thin film was spun onto its surface，the sample was exposed to an environment with a relative humidity of 10%±5%. Under these conditions，the phase transformation process of the perovskite thin film was closely monitored. It was observed that after just one day of exposure，the perovskite thin film deposited on the ZnO surface that had been annealed at 250 ℃ started to undergo a phase transformation，resulting in the formation of a yellow phase. As the days passed，more significant changes were noted. Specifically，after 15 days，the perovskite film on the ZnO surface annealed at 350 ℃ also began to experience phase changes，and by the 30th day，nearly the entire film had transitioned into the yellow phase. In contrast，the majority of the perovskite film on the ZnO surface annealed at 300 ℃ retained its original black phase throughout the 30-day period. This remarkable stability suggested that the perovskite material produced under these specific conditions exhibited a high degree of phase stability. The primary reason behind this stability could be attributed to the fact that the perovskites created under these conditions possessed a higher level of crystallinity，fewer imperfections on their surfaces，and a slower rate of interaction with the moisture present in the surrounding air. These factors collectively contributed to the enhanced stability of the perovskite thin film，making it less susceptible to environmental influences and phase transitions over time. Under these optimized conditions，the solar cell achieved a peak PCE of 6.37%，with a short-circuit current density （J_sc）of 12.15 mA·cm⁻²，an open-circuit voltage （V_oc）of 0.79 V，and a fill factor （FF）of 66.36%. After being stored for 480 h in a nitrogen-protected environment with a relative humidity of 10% to 15%，the initial efficiency of the perovskite solar cell was retained at 79.1%. These findings were promising and suggested that further research and development in this area could lead to the creation of more efficient and cost-effective solar cells，potentially accelerating their commercialization and widespread adoption. The insights gained from this study were expected to contribute positively to the advancement of ZnO-based ETL PSC technology. By providing a pathway for the low-temperature and low-cost preparation of inorganic PSCs，this research not only enhanced our understanding of the material's potential but also paved the way for practical applications in the renewable energy sector.