Progress of Z-Scheme Heterojunction in Photoelectrochemical Sensors AITranslate

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Basic Information:

DOI：10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY23110034

Chinese Library Classification Number:O657.1

Citation Information:

Photoelectrochemical （PEC）sensors，which achieve accurate recording and analysis of information through the photoelectric conversion of highly efficient semiconductor materials，are a new type of sensing and detection method with low background signal，high sensitivity，simple operation，easy to miniaturize，etc. PEC sensors provide a new means of detecting pollutants in the water environment，as well as applications in food safety and clinical diagnosis，and have attracted extensive attention from researchers. Among them，the properties of semiconductor materials，such as light absorption，bandgap width，and stability，have a significant impact on the performance of photoelectrochemical sensors. Semiconductors are less active due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs，limited electron mobility，restricted light absorption，or insufficient active sites. Exploring semiconductor materials with higher photoelectric activity or modifying existing semiconductor materials has gradually become a hot spot for researchers. In order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency，researchers have modified semiconductor materials by adjusting the size or crystal structure，doping，and constructing heterojunctions. Some researchers showed that when two or more semiconductor materials with different band structures were coupled to form heterostructures，an interaction occurred at the interface. The construction of heterojunctions can effectively improve the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and extend the photo-absorption range，thus enhancing the photoelectric effect of semiconductors. In general，a semiconductor material absorbs photons more efficiently when it has a narrower energy bandwidth. Conversely，it effectively promotes the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Meanwhile，an efficient photoelectric conversion process can be realized by rationally designing the heterojunction structure. When two or more semiconductors with different energy band structures are combined，an interaction is generated at the interface. According to the interrelationships between energy bands，traditional heterojunctions can be categorized into Type Ⅰ，Type Ⅱ，and Type Ⅲ. Among them，the Type Ⅱ heterojunction composite photocatalysts are combined by the interleaving of the conduction and valence band potentials of two semiconductors. By irradiating the catalyst with light，electrons in the valence band are excited to the conduction band. Holes are formed in the valence band，and electrons are excited to the conduction band. The electrons and holes are transferred from the semiconductors with higher conduction and valence bands to the lower semiconductors，which is conducive to reduce the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and enhance the photocatalytic activity. Since the direction of electron and hole transfer in Type Ⅱ heterojunction tends to be toward the semiconductor with lower conduction and valence bands，the potentials of electrons and holes are reduced. This results in a decrease in the reducing and oxidizing abilities of electrons and holes. Z-scheme heterojunction has a similar energy band arrangement to that of Type Ⅱ heterojunction，but the electron transfer pathway is different. The electron migration pathway between semiconductors resembles the letter "Z". This unique electron migration pathway enables Z-scheme heterojunction to increase the efficiency of separation of electrons and holes，while still maintaining a high redox capacity. So that the photogenerated electrons and holes are kept at a higher energy level，which effectively enhances the PEC reactivity of semiconductor materials. At present，research on Z-type heterojunctions in PEC sensing and detection has expanded to the detection of organic pollutants，heavy metals，and immune markers，with broad application prospects. However，the PEC reaction is a complex process，and research on Z-scheme heterojunction has not yet reached the ideal state，there are still several aspects that need further research and resolution. First，the Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic mechanism still needs to be further explored. A fundamental understanding of the separation and transport of carriers at the interface and the reaction pathway of the PEC reaction is essential to realize the breakthrough of photocatalysts in practical applications. To enhance the absorption capacity of catalyst，it is necessary to combine experimental studies with theoretical simulations. Utilizing the light source and reducing the photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination efficiency are both conducive to the design and application studies of Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. Finally，due to the limitation of experimental methods and the uncertainty of experimental conditions，it is extremely difficult to directly analyze the reaction mechanism of catalysts. Therefore，combining PEC principle with the related energy band theory and reasonably predicting the physicochemical properties of the materials through simulations can lead to a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of Z-scheme heterojunctions. In this paper，the development，basic principles，formation requirements，and characterization methods of Z-scheme heterojunction semiconductor materials were introduced in the first part. Z-scheme heterojunction was a structure composed of the interface of two or more different materials，which had excellent photoelectric performance and electron transport characteristics. The research on Z-scheme heterojunction had made remarkable progress and had been widely applied in various fields. In the second part，the advantages of Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts in photoelectrochemical sensing were summarized，and the research progress of Z-scheme heterojunction in photoelectrochemical sensing was highlighted with examples. Finally，the challenges and future research directions of Z-scheme heterojunction materials in the field of sensing were summarized and prospected.