1. Open access policy &Copyright statement

According to the major definitions of open access in scientific literature (namely the Budapest, Berlin, and Bethesda Declarations), Youke Publishing (the owner of the journal) defines Open Access by using the following conditions:

(1) The copyrights of the articles belong to the authors (© the author(s)). The articles are published in open access journal and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The copyright is retained by the author(s).

The images or other third party material in these articles are included in the articles' Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the articles' Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

(2) Peer-reviewed literature is freely available without subscription or price barriers.

(3) Article is immediately released in open access format (no embargo period), and is free to be distributed and achieved.

(4) Published material can be re-used as long as a correct citation to the original publication is given.

2. Article Processing Charge (APC)

Authors are required to pay Article Processing Charge (APC) after the paper has been accepted after 31st December 2026. Please note that Chain is a subsidized Open Access journal where Youke Publishing Co., Ltd. pays for the publishing costs incurred by the journal before 31st December 2026.