Given the challenges posed by the low hardness and inadequate wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V
alloy, this research aimed to explore an innovative solution by employing the laser
cladding technique to develop high-entropy alloy（HEA）coatings composed of TiZrNbCrCo
on the alloy's surface. The primary objectives were to investigate the effects of
varying the number of cladding layers on the elemental composition and to assess how
these variations influenced the phase constitution, microstructure, microhardness,
wear, and electrochemical properties of HEA coatings. To predict the phase composition
of the solid solution phases in HEA coatings with different layer numbers, empirical
thermophysical parameters were utilized. The methodology encompassed a detailed experimental
setup where the laser cladding process was meticulously optimized to fabricate coatings
with varying numbers of layers. This approach enabled the controlled manipulation
of the dilution rate and elemental distribution within the coatings, thereby allowing
for a comprehensive analysis of the resulting phase and microstructural characteristics.
The coatings were systematically analyzed using X-ray diffraction（XRD）to identify
their phase compositions and scanning electron microscopy to elucidate their microstructures.
Microhardness measurements were conducted to evaluate the mechanical enhancements,
while wear tests were performed to assess the wear resistance of the coatings. Furthermore,
electrochemical tests in a 3.5%NaCl solution were carried out to determine the coatings'
corrosion resistance. The results revealed that all coatings, exhibited a consistent
phase composition, predominantly featuring a body-centered cubic （bcc） structured
solid solution phase. This phase was characterized by dendrites rich in Nb and inter-dendrites
rich in Co. It was observed that an increase in the number of cladding layers led
to a decrease in the dilution rate, which in turn facilitated the formation of petal-like
Laves phases enriched in Co and Zr, along with α-Ti precipitates enriched in Zr. Remarkably,
the average microhardness of the coatings reached HV0.1747.7, approximately 2.33 times that of the substrate. This significant enhancement
in microhardness translated to a reduction in wear volume by 68.6% compared to the
substrate. The optimal corrosion resistance was achieved with a two-layer configuration,
which exhibited the lowest self-corrosion current （6.46×10−6 A·cm−2） a larger self-corrosion potential （-0.286 V）, and the lowest corrosion rate, indicating
a substantial improvement in corrosion resistance. The conclusion drawn from this
study highlighted the critical role of laser cladding parameters in influencing the
microstructural and compositional characteristics of HEA coatings. The enhancement
in mechanical and chemical properties could be attributed to the strategic manipulation
of the number of cladding layers, which optimized the microstructural features such
as the distribution of Laves phases and α-Ti precipitates. Moreover, this research
contributed to the broader academic discourse by elucidating the relationship between
laser cladding parameters, microstructural evolution, and the resulting properties
of HEA coatings. In summary, this comprehensive investigation into the development
and characterization of TiZrNbCrCo high-entropy alloy coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy
surfaces provided a promising approach for addressing the limitations of conventional
titanium alloys. The research outcomes not only demonstrated the feasibility of significantly
enhancing the hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloys through
laser cladded HEA coatings but also opened up opportunities for using high-entropy
alloys in surface engineering to meet the needs of modern industries.
Silicon(Si)-based anodes are widely recognized as the most promising alternatives
to conventional graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs), owing to their ultrahigh
theoretical specific capacity(4200 mAh·g-1), lowlithiation potential, abundant crustal reserves, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness.
However, their large-scale commercialization is severely hindered by two intrinsic
challenges：1) drastic volume expansion(>300%)during lithiation/delithiation, which
induces particle pulverization, electrode integrity degradation, and continuous rupture/reformation
of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)films, thereby causing irreversible lithium-ion
consumption； 2) extremely low intrinsic electrical conductivity(1×10-4 S·cm-1), which restricts ion/electron transport kinetics and thus degrades rate capability.To
address these issues, early research efforts focused on nano-engineering of Si and
the development of Si-based composites. Nanostructured Si can partially alleviate
mechanical fracture by accommodating strain through size-dependent deformation mechanisms；
however, it tends to agglomerate during prolonged cycling and exhibits excessive side
reactions with the electrolyte, reducing the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and
cycling lifespan. Si/carbon(Si/C)composites design, which take advantage of the high
electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and mechanical flexibility of carbon
matrices, have emerged as a primary route toward commercialization. Nevertheless,
challenges related to the inherently low conductivity of Si and inadequate interfacial
bonding between Si and carbon remain unresolved. Against this backdrop, this review
emphasized doping modification as a fundamental strategy to enhance the electrochemical
performance of Si-based anodes. Starting from the lithium storage mechanism of Si—which
stored lithium via an alloying/dealloying reaction to form various Li-Si alloys, with
a theoretical maximum lithiation phase of Li22Si5 accommodating 4.4 Li atoms per Si atom—and its core limitations, we systematically
analyzed the regulation mechanisms and functional effects of different doping approaches.
These were categorized into three types：non-metallic (heteroatom) doping, metallic
doping, and multi-element co-doping. Non-metallic doping(e.g., with B, P, N, or S)effectively
modulated the electronic structure of Si-based materials, improved Li+ transport pathways, enhanced electronic conductivity, and promoted the formation
of a more stable SEI layer. Metallic doping was subdivided into two categories：electrochemically
inactive metals(e.g., Fe, Ti), which enhanced electrical conduction and provided mechanical
reinforcement to alleviate volume expansion, and electrochemically active metals(e.g.,
Mg, Ge), which contributed additional capacity and helped accommodate volume expansion
through synergistic alloying behavior. Multi-element co-doping(including non-metal/non-metal
and metal/non-metal combinations)achieved synergistic optimization of multiple physicochemical
properties, thus further enhancing conductivity, structural stability, and fast-charging
performance. Finally, this review outlined future perspectives for doping modification
technologies in Si-based anodes, including the exploration of novel co-doping systems
to simultaneously address conductivity, volume expansion, and SEI stability； the optimization
of doping processes for precise control over elemental distribution and concentration；
and the integration of in-situ characterization techniques to deepen the understanding
of the influence of doping elements on the lithium storage mechanism. This review
aimed to provide fundamental theoretical insights and practical technical guidance
for the development of high-energy-density and fast-charging Si-based anode materials,
thereby accelerating their commercial adoption.
As a fundamental pillar for fostering new quality productive forces, constructing
a modern industrial system and safeguarding national comprehensive security, the new
materials industry underpins the core competitiveness of high-end manufacturing and
cutting-edge technologies. Today's global industrial landscape is undergoing profound
restructuring driven by four pivotal forces：intensifying geopolitical competition,
worldwide carbon peaking and carbon neutrality transitions, in-depth integration of
digital and intelligent technologies, and targeted iteration of materials spurred
by diverse downstream application scenarios. In parallel, artificial intelligence,
big data and high-throughput computing are revolutionizing the traditional trial-and-error
R&D paradigm of materials science, enabling data-driven material screening, inverse
structural design and intelligent process optimization to drastically cut research
cycles and experimental costs. This paper systematically sorted out the opportunities
and structural risks confronting the global new materials industry, and thoroughly
reviewed the strategic arrangements rolled out by the United States, the European
Union, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan and Russia in 2025 and 2026. U.S. tied new
materials closely to national defense and technological security, launching special
programs including Crystal Palace and Carbon Crunch for military advanced materials,
and consolidated independent supply chains for semiconductor materials through the
CHIPS and Science Act, alongside initiatives to supervise critical mineral resources
and apply AI to accelerate material innovation. EU centered its strategy on European
strategic autonomy and green transformation, advancing the Advanced Materials Act
and the Critical Raw Materials Act to diversify mineral supply, developed circular
materials and set global green trade standards. Germany, UK, Japan and Russia had
also introduced targeted national plans respectively, focusing on technological sovereignty,
digitalized material R&D, military-civilian integrated innovation, rare earth recycling
and import substitution amid geopolitical sanctions. After years of policy support
and technological accumulation, China had achieved remarkable breakthroughs in lithium
battery materials, rare earth functional materials and general carbon fibers, with
a batch of national key innovation platforms and specialized sophisticated enterprises
cultivated. Nevertheless, prominent internal and external vulnerabilities persisted.
Externally, fierce global technological competition and restrictive trade policies
created severe "bottleneck" risks, as high-end photoresists, single-crystal superalloys,
core manufacturing equipment and other strategic materials still relied heavily on
imports, and China lacked sufficient discourse power in formulating international
material standards. Targeting six core strategic fields with prominent security risks,
this study proposed targeted development frameworks for self-reliant industrial construction.
For micro-nano electronic manufacturing, it highlighted localized substitution of
bottleneck materials such as photoresists and electronic specialty gases, alongside
R&D of low-dielectric materials and wide-bandgap semiconductor supporting materials
to match advanced packaging and high-performance chip demands. For aerospace, it advocated
full-chain independent manufacturing of high-performance carbon fibers, single-crystal
superalloys and ceramic matrix composites to satisfy extreme service conditions of
hypersonic vehicles and reusable rockets. For robotics and sensors, priorities covered
lightweight structural alloys, rare earth permanent magnets and flexible sensing materials
to support bionic robots and precision perception systems. In advanced nuclear energy,
the paper stressed breakthroughs in radiation-resistant cladding materials and low-activation
structural alloys to support fourth-generation reactors and space nuclear power sources.
For marine engineering equipment, corrosion-resistant high-strength steel and deep-sea
functional materials were key to advancing polar vessels and offshore renewable energy
infrastructure. To systematically resolve industrial security challenges, this paper
put forward multi-dimensional countermeasures covering five core dimensions. First,
innovation-driven development shall be strengthened via the new whole-of-nation system
to tackle generic bottleneck technologies, improve the commercialization system of
scientific achievements and optimize intellectual property management for strategic
materials. Second, supply chain resilience would be reinforced through domestic mineral
exploration, diversified cross-border resource cooperation, national strategic mineral
reserves and digital risk early warning platforms. Third, an integrated standard system
aligned with international norms shall be established to fill standard gaps in high-end
materials and implement full-lifecycle quality traceability management. Fourth, a
multi-level talent training matrix would be optimized through industry-university-research
integration, performance evaluation reforms and market-oriented incentive mechanisms
to address talent shortages. Fifth, the industrial ecosystem would be upgraded through
targeted policy support for industrial clusters, intelligent production line transformation
and low-carbon circular manufacturing to advance high-end, intelligent and green development
simultaneously. In summary, the safety of the new materials industry constituted an
indispensable foundation of national industrial and scientific security. Faced with
sweeping global industrial reshuffling and fierce international competition, China
must advance coordinated upgrades across technological innovation, supply chain robustness,
standardization, talent cultivation and industrial ecology. The conclusions and suggestions
of this research could provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for constructing
an independent, controllable, safe and efficient new materials industrial system,
consolidating the bottom line of national scientific and industrial security, and
fueling the steady growth of new quality productive forces and the advancement of
new industrialization.
Given the challenges posed by the low hardness and inadequate wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V
alloy, this research aimed to explore an innovative solution by employing the laser
cladding technique to develop high-entropy alloy（HEA）coatings composed of TiZrNbCrCo
on the alloy's surface. The primary objectives were to investigate the effects of
varying the number of cladding layers on the elemental composition and to assess how
these variations influenced the phase constitution, microstructure, microhardness,
wear, and electrochemical properties of HEA coatings. To predict the phase composition
of the solid solution phases in HEA coatings with different layer numbers, empirical
thermophysical parameters were utilized. The methodology encompassed a detailed experimental
setup where the laser cladding process was meticulously optimized to fabricate coatings
with varying numbers of layers. This approach enabled the controlled manipulation
of the dilution rate and elemental distribution within the coatings, thereby allowing
for a comprehensive analysis of the resulting phase and microstructural characteristics.
The coatings were systematically analyzed using X-ray diffraction（XRD）to identify
their phase compositions and scanning electron microscopy to elucidate their microstructures.
Microhardness measurements were conducted to evaluate the mechanical enhancements,
while wear tests were performed to assess the wear resistance of the coatings. Furthermore,
electrochemical tests in a 3.5%NaCl solution were carried out to determine the coatings'
corrosion resistance. The results revealed that all coatings, exhibited a consistent
phase composition, predominantly featuring a body-centered cubic （bcc） structured
solid solution phase. This phase was characterized by dendrites rich in Nb and inter-dendrites
rich in Co. It was observed that an increase in the number of cladding layers led
to a decrease in the dilution rate, which in turn facilitated the formation of petal-like
Laves phases enriched in Co and Zr, along with α-Ti precipitates enriched in Zr. Remarkably,
the average microhardness of the coatings reached HV0.1747.7, approximately 2.33 times that of the substrate. This significant enhancement
in microhardness translated to a reduction in wear volume by 68.6% compared to the
substrate. The optimal corrosion resistance was achieved with a two-layer configuration,
which exhibited the lowest self-corrosion current （6.46×10−6 A·cm−2） a larger self-corrosion potential （-0.286 V）, and the lowest corrosion rate, indicating
a substantial improvement in corrosion resistance. The conclusion drawn from this
study highlighted the critical role of laser cladding parameters in influencing the
microstructural and compositional characteristics of HEA coatings. The enhancement
in mechanical and chemical properties could be attributed to the strategic manipulation
of the number of cladding layers, which optimized the microstructural features such
as the distribution of Laves phases and α-Ti precipitates. Moreover, this research
contributed to the broader academic discourse by elucidating the relationship between
laser cladding parameters, microstructural evolution, and the resulting properties
of HEA coatings. In summary, this comprehensive investigation into the development
and characterization of TiZrNbCrCo high-entropy alloy coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy
surfaces provided a promising approach for addressing the limitations of conventional
titanium alloys. The research outcomes not only demonstrated the feasibility of significantly
enhancing the hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloys through
laser cladded HEA coatings but also opened up opportunities for using high-entropy
alloys in surface engineering to meet the needs of modern industries.
Silicon(Si)-based anodes are widely recognized as the most promising alternatives
to conventional graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs), owing to their ultrahigh
theoretical specific capacity(4200 mAh·g-1), lowlithiation potential, abundant crustal reserves, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness.
However, their large-scale commercialization is severely hindered by two intrinsic
challenges：1) drastic volume expansion(>300%)during lithiation/delithiation, which
induces particle pulverization, electrode integrity degradation, and continuous rupture/reformation
of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)films, thereby causing irreversible lithium-ion
consumption； 2) extremely low intrinsic electrical conductivity(1×10-4 S·cm-1), which restricts ion/electron transport kinetics and thus degrades rate capability.To
address these issues, early research efforts focused on nano-engineering of Si and
the development of Si-based composites. Nanostructured Si can partially alleviate
mechanical fracture by accommodating strain through size-dependent deformation mechanisms；
however, it tends to agglomerate during prolonged cycling and exhibits excessive side
reactions with the electrolyte, reducing the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and
cycling lifespan. Si/carbon(Si/C)composites design, which take advantage of the high
electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and mechanical flexibility of carbon
matrices, have emerged as a primary route toward commercialization. Nevertheless,
challenges related to the inherently low conductivity of Si and inadequate interfacial
bonding between Si and carbon remain unresolved. Against this backdrop, this review
emphasized doping modification as a fundamental strategy to enhance the electrochemical
performance of Si-based anodes. Starting from the lithium storage mechanism of Si—which
stored lithium via an alloying/dealloying reaction to form various Li-Si alloys, with
a theoretical maximum lithiation phase of Li22Si5 accommodating 4.4 Li atoms per Si atom—and its core limitations, we systematically
analyzed the regulation mechanisms and functional effects of different doping approaches.
These were categorized into three types：non-metallic (heteroatom) doping, metallic
doping, and multi-element co-doping. Non-metallic doping(e.g., with B, P, N, or S)effectively
modulated the electronic structure of Si-based materials, improved Li+ transport pathways, enhanced electronic conductivity, and promoted the formation
of a more stable SEI layer. Metallic doping was subdivided into two categories：electrochemically
inactive metals(e.g., Fe, Ti), which enhanced electrical conduction and provided mechanical
reinforcement to alleviate volume expansion, and electrochemically active metals(e.g.,
Mg, Ge), which contributed additional capacity and helped accommodate volume expansion
through synergistic alloying behavior. Multi-element co-doping(including non-metal/non-metal
and metal/non-metal combinations)achieved synergistic optimization of multiple physicochemical
properties, thus further enhancing conductivity, structural stability, and fast-charging
performance. Finally, this review outlined future perspectives for doping modification
technologies in Si-based anodes, including the exploration of novel co-doping systems
to simultaneously address conductivity, volume expansion, and SEI stability； the optimization
of doping processes for precise control over elemental distribution and concentration；
and the integration of in-situ characterization techniques to deepen the understanding
of the influence of doping elements on the lithium storage mechanism. This review
aimed to provide fundamental theoretical insights and practical technical guidance
for the development of high-energy-density and fast-charging Si-based anode materials,
thereby accelerating their commercial adoption.
As a fundamental pillar for fostering new quality productive forces, constructing
a modern industrial system and safeguarding national comprehensive security, the new
materials industry underpins the core competitiveness of high-end manufacturing and
cutting-edge technologies. Today's global industrial landscape is undergoing profound
restructuring driven by four pivotal forces：intensifying geopolitical competition,
worldwide carbon peaking and carbon neutrality transitions, in-depth integration of
digital and intelligent technologies, and targeted iteration of materials spurred
by diverse downstream application scenarios. In parallel, artificial intelligence,
big data and high-throughput computing are revolutionizing the traditional trial-and-error
R&D paradigm of materials science, enabling data-driven material screening, inverse
structural design and intelligent process optimization to drastically cut research
cycles and experimental costs. This paper systematically sorted out the opportunities
and structural risks confronting the global new materials industry, and thoroughly
reviewed the strategic arrangements rolled out by the United States, the European
Union, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan and Russia in 2025 and 2026. U.S. tied new
materials closely to national defense and technological security, launching special
programs including Crystal Palace and Carbon Crunch for military advanced materials,
and consolidated independent supply chains for semiconductor materials through the
CHIPS and Science Act, alongside initiatives to supervise critical mineral resources
and apply AI to accelerate material innovation. EU centered its strategy on European
strategic autonomy and green transformation, advancing the Advanced Materials Act
and the Critical Raw Materials Act to diversify mineral supply, developed circular
materials and set global green trade standards. Germany, UK, Japan and Russia had
also introduced targeted national plans respectively, focusing on technological sovereignty,
digitalized material R&D, military-civilian integrated innovation, rare earth recycling
and import substitution amid geopolitical sanctions. After years of policy support
and technological accumulation, China had achieved remarkable breakthroughs in lithium
battery materials, rare earth functional materials and general carbon fibers, with
a batch of national key innovation platforms and specialized sophisticated enterprises
cultivated. Nevertheless, prominent internal and external vulnerabilities persisted.
Externally, fierce global technological competition and restrictive trade policies
created severe "bottleneck" risks, as high-end photoresists, single-crystal superalloys,
core manufacturing equipment and other strategic materials still relied heavily on
imports, and China lacked sufficient discourse power in formulating international
material standards. Targeting six core strategic fields with prominent security risks,
this study proposed targeted development frameworks for self-reliant industrial construction.
For micro-nano electronic manufacturing, it highlighted localized substitution of
bottleneck materials such as photoresists and electronic specialty gases, alongside
R&D of low-dielectric materials and wide-bandgap semiconductor supporting materials
to match advanced packaging and high-performance chip demands. For aerospace, it advocated
full-chain independent manufacturing of high-performance carbon fibers, single-crystal
superalloys and ceramic matrix composites to satisfy extreme service conditions of
hypersonic vehicles and reusable rockets. For robotics and sensors, priorities covered
lightweight structural alloys, rare earth permanent magnets and flexible sensing materials
to support bionic robots and precision perception systems. In advanced nuclear energy,
the paper stressed breakthroughs in radiation-resistant cladding materials and low-activation
structural alloys to support fourth-generation reactors and space nuclear power sources.
For marine engineering equipment, corrosion-resistant high-strength steel and deep-sea
functional materials were key to advancing polar vessels and offshore renewable energy
infrastructure. To systematically resolve industrial security challenges, this paper
put forward multi-dimensional countermeasures covering five core dimensions. First,
innovation-driven development shall be strengthened via the new whole-of-nation system
to tackle generic bottleneck technologies, improve the commercialization system of
scientific achievements and optimize intellectual property management for strategic
materials. Second, supply chain resilience would be reinforced through domestic mineral
exploration, diversified cross-border resource cooperation, national strategic mineral
reserves and digital risk early warning platforms. Third, an integrated standard system
aligned with international norms shall be established to fill standard gaps in high-end
materials and implement full-lifecycle quality traceability management. Fourth, a
multi-level talent training matrix would be optimized through industry-university-research
integration, performance evaluation reforms and market-oriented incentive mechanisms
to address talent shortages. Fifth, the industrial ecosystem would be upgraded through
targeted policy support for industrial clusters, intelligent production line transformation
and low-carbon circular manufacturing to advance high-end, intelligent and green development
simultaneously. In summary, the safety of the new materials industry constituted an
indispensable foundation of national industrial and scientific security. Faced with
sweeping global industrial reshuffling and fierce international competition, China
must advance coordinated upgrades across technological innovation, supply chain robustness,
standardization, talent cultivation and industrial ecology. The conclusions and suggestions
of this research could provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for constructing
an independent, controllable, safe and efficient new materials industrial system,
consolidating the bottom line of national scientific and industrial security, and
fueling the steady growth of new quality productive forces and the advancement of
new industrialization.
Lithium-excess disordered rock-salt (DRX) materials have emerged as promising cathode
candidates owing to their high capacity and energy density. Although short-range ordering
(SRO) has been reported in DRX material Li1.16Ti0.37Ni0.37Nb0.10O2，quantitative analysis of its real-space structural origin remains scarce. Therefore，this
paper mainly characterized Li1.1Mn0.8Ti0.1O1.9F0.1 using spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through
a series of tilting experiments，the distribution of diffuse scattering bands was identified.
Quantitative analysis of atomic-resolution images confirmed that these diffuse bands
in electron diffraction arised mainly from intensity variations within the transition-metal
(TM) cation columns，indicating that SRO originated from the specific distribution
of cations. For comparison，Li1.05Mn0.85Ti0.1O2 without F was also designed，and it was found that the ordering was significantly
enhanced. These results suggested that fluorination might correlate with the improved
electrochemical performance via its influence on SRO. The arrangement of disordered
cations and the concentration of vacancies directly affected Li percolation pathways
and consequently the electrochemical behavior of DRX anodes. Li1.05Mn0.85Ti0.1O2 (LMTO) and Li1.1Mn0.8Ti0.1O1.9F0.1 (LMTOF) were synthesized by weighing stoichiometric amounts of Li2CO3，Mn2O3，TiO2，and LiF，and mixing them in a ZrO2 ball-milling jar. The mixture was ball-milled at 600 r·min−1 for 6 h，then heated in a tube furnace under an inert atmosphere at a rate of 3 ℃·min−1 to 1100 ℃，held for 20 min，and cooled naturally to room temperature. To avoid Ga+ beam damage during focused ion beam (FIB) sampling，atomic-resolution images were
obtained from particles directly dispersed onto microgrids via ultrasonication. For
TEM observation，powder samples were ultrasonically dispersed in dimethyl carbonate
and deposited onto carbon films or grids. Selected-area diffraction patterns were
acquired using a JEOL JEM-F200 thermal field-emission TEM，with the beam positioned
at thin particle edges. High-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM) images
were obtained using a JEOL JEM-ARM200F cold field-emission microscope equipped with
a spherical-aberration corrector，operated at 200 kV with a collection angle of 50~200
mrad. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) patterns showing clear diffuse bands were processed
using Calatom software，involving filtering，Fourier transform，and inverse Fourier transform
of HAADF-STEM images. Periodic structures yield sharp Bragg spots in Fourier space，while
diffuse scattering was distributed throughout reciprocal space. To extract triple-periodic
structural information，appropriate filtering windows were applied around major Bragg
reflections before inverse Fourier transformation. Calatom analysis showed that diffuse
bands in experimental FFT patterns correspond to variations in TM column intensity
rather than positional disorder. In Li1.1Mn0.8Ti0.1O1.9F0.1，SRO primarily resulted from intensity variations of Ti/Mn cation columns，likely influenced
by Li site occupancy. Filtering that retains superstructure information in FFT led
to periodic strong-weak intensity modulation of atomic columns，whereas filtering only
the main reflections yield homogeneous intensity. Since HAADF intensity scales with
atomic number，and only Ti and Mn were visible along ［001］ zone axis，the observed superstructure
in Li1.1Mn0.8Ti0.1O2 could be attributed to SRO similar to that in the fluorinated sample. This implied
that the superstructure was related to TM column intensity variations associated with
ordered Li occupancy. In Li1.1Mn0.8Ti0.1O2，enhanced ordering was observed，with elongated superstructure reflections appearing
at wave vectors q1=a*–0.5b*，q2=0.5a*–0.5b*，and q3=0.5a*–b*，indicating cation ordering. These results suggested that F-doping improved capacity
retention by reducing cation (including Li) ordering. The SRO of TM cations within
the disordered lattice significantly influenced Li percolation channels during cycling.
Therefore，understanding DRX structures at the atomic scale could guide the design
and optimization of high-performance Li-excess disordered rock-salt cathodes.
Silicon(Si)-based anodes are widely recognized as the most promising alternatives
to conventional graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs), owing to their ultrahigh
theoretical specific capacity(4200 mAh·g-1), lowlithiation potential, abundant crustal reserves, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness.
However, their large-scale commercialization is severely hindered by two intrinsic
challenges：1) drastic volume expansion(>300%)during lithiation/delithiation, which
induces particle pulverization, electrode integrity degradation, and continuous rupture/reformation
of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)films, thereby causing irreversible lithium-ion
consumption； 2) extremely low intrinsic electrical conductivity(1×10-4 S·cm-1), which restricts ion/electron transport kinetics and thus degrades rate capability.To
address these issues, early research efforts focused on nano-engineering of Si and
the development of Si-based composites. Nanostructured Si can partially alleviate
mechanical fracture by accommodating strain through size-dependent deformation mechanisms；
however, it tends to agglomerate during prolonged cycling and exhibits excessive side
reactions with the electrolyte, reducing the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and
cycling lifespan. Si/carbon(Si/C)composites design, which take advantage of the high
electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and mechanical flexibility of carbon
matrices, have emerged as a primary route toward commercialization. Nevertheless,
challenges related to the inherently low conductivity of Si and inadequate interfacial
bonding between Si and carbon remain unresolved. Against this backdrop, this review
emphasized doping modification as a fundamental strategy to enhance the electrochemical
performance of Si-based anodes. Starting from the lithium storage mechanism of Si—which
stored lithium via an alloying/dealloying reaction to form various Li-Si alloys, with
a theoretical maximum lithiation phase of Li22Si5 accommodating 4.4 Li atoms per Si atom—and its core limitations, we systematically
analyzed the regulation mechanisms and functional effects of different doping approaches.
These were categorized into three types：non-metallic (heteroatom) doping, metallic
doping, and multi-element co-doping. Non-metallic doping(e.g., with B, P, N, or S)effectively
modulated the electronic structure of Si-based materials, improved Li+ transport pathways, enhanced electronic conductivity, and promoted the formation
of a more stable SEI layer. Metallic doping was subdivided into two categories：electrochemically
inactive metals(e.g., Fe, Ti), which enhanced electrical conduction and provided mechanical
reinforcement to alleviate volume expansion, and electrochemically active metals(e.g.,
Mg, Ge), which contributed additional capacity and helped accommodate volume expansion
through synergistic alloying behavior. Multi-element co-doping(including non-metal/non-metal
and metal/non-metal combinations)achieved synergistic optimization of multiple physicochemical
properties, thus further enhancing conductivity, structural stability, and fast-charging
performance. Finally, this review outlined future perspectives for doping modification
technologies in Si-based anodes, including the exploration of novel co-doping systems
to simultaneously address conductivity, volume expansion, and SEI stability； the optimization
of doping processes for precise control over elemental distribution and concentration；
and the integration of in-situ characterization techniques to deepen the understanding
of the influence of doping elements on the lithium storage mechanism. This review
aimed to provide fundamental theoretical insights and practical technical guidance
for the development of high-energy-density and fast-charging Si-based anode materials,
thereby accelerating their commercial adoption.
With the development of modern industry and the rise of Internet of Things (IoT) technology，gas
sensors are widely employed in many fields，such as industrial production，environmental
monitoring，food safety，and healthcare devices，playing important role in promoting
industrial intelligence and ensuring human health. Among various types of sensors，resistive
chemical sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) have been considered be
ideal gas sensors due to their low cost，mature technology，and good repeatability.
However，some issues such as low sensitivity，long response/recovery time，and poor selectivity
still impede further development of gas sensors. According to previous study，increasing
specific surface area of sensing material and adding noble metal component were advisable
strategies to enhance sensingperformance. Besides，interestingly，hot electrons could
be generated through the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effected of plasmonic materials
(such as gold nanoparticles，Au NPs) under visible light illumination. They exhibited
the potential to modulate carrier concentration and conductivity properties of the
adjacent semiconductor material for further promoting sensingperformance. Motivated
by these inspirations，in this study，the Au/ZnO nanotree arrays were prepared on silicon
wafer and interdigital electrode substrate by a simple hydrothermal method，and used
to detect difluoromethane (R32) gas with an optical enhancement working scheme. By
using a variety of characterization methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM)，transmission
electron microscopy (TEM)，X-ray diffraction (XRD)，X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS)，ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis)，fluorescence spectrometer
(FS)，and atomic force microscope (AFM)，the morphological structure，element composition
and valence state，photoelectric properties and other concerning physical and chemical
properties of the sample were systematically investigated and analyzed. In detail，the
results showed that ZnO nanotree arrays grew closely perpendicular to the substrate.
The diameter of the stem and branches were about 400 and 60 nm，respectively. Au NPs
in an average particle size about 10 nm were uniformly distributed on the surface
of ZnO. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping images confirmed that
Zn，O，and Au elements were evenly distributed on ZnO surface. The lattice spacing of
0.26 and 0.24 nm observed by high-resolution TEM correspond to (002) crystal plane
of ZnO and (111) crystal plane of Au，respectively. The bright diffraction spots on
selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern were ascribed to (002) crystal plane
of ZnO. XRD pattern showed the as-prepared ZnO and Au NPs match well with hexagonal
wurtzite ZnO (JCPDS No. 36-1451) and cubic Au (JCPDS No. 04-0784)，respectively. The
diffraction peaks at 31.72°，34.42°，36.25°，47.53°，and 56.6° were assigned to (100)，
(002)， (101)， (102)，and (110) planes of ZnO，respectively. The diffraction peak at
36.61° was assigned to (111) plane of Au. XPS spectra affirmed the chemical valence
state of Zn，O and Au elements. The doublet peaks at 1022.3 and 1045.3eV corresponded
to Zn2+ species. The doublet peaks at 530.5 and 532.3 eV corresponded to the lattice oxygen
(Olat) and defect oxygen (Ov) of ZnO，respectively. The doublet peaks at 83.5 and 87.4 eV proved that Au elements
exist in the form of metallic Au0. UV-vis spectrashowedthe light absorption of ZnO nanotree array modified by Au NPs
was significantly enhanced in the wavelength range of 500~600 nm due to SPR effected
of Au NPs. The band gaps of pure ZnO nanotree array and Au/ZnO nanotree array were
accordingly calculated to be 3.17 and 3.09 eV through Tauc formula. The band gap of
sample was reduced after modified with Au NPs owing to the regulation of the electron
transfer characteristics. The fluorescence spectra showed the photoluminescence (PL)
intensity of Au/ZnO nanotree array was decreased in 350~550 nm region compared with
pure ZnO nanotree array，indicating that the photogenerated charges of Au/ZnO nanotree
array possessed high the separation and transfer efficiency. AFM probe platform was
used to image hot electron current that induced by SPR effect of Au NPs. The photocurrent
imaging results showed that no obvious currents were detected for pure ZnO nanotree
array with or without light irradiation. For Au/ZnO nanotree array，the current value
increased by about 1 nA under light irradiation than that of in dark conditions，verifying
that Au NPs could induce a large number of hot electrons under light irradiation.
The influence of visible light on the resistance values of Au/ZnO nanotree array was
also investigated on mini multi-functional probe station. It was found that Au/ZnO
nanotree array exhibited outstanding sensitivity and stability to visible light，and
short response and recovery time within 2 s. By utilizing the modulation function
of hot electrons in the visible light pulse working mode，as well as the contribution
from the unique structural merits of nanotree array，Au/ZnO nanotree array-based gas
sensor showed a high response value of 6.9，fast response/recovery speed，and excellent
selectivity in terms of detecting 1000×10-6 R32. The research results could provide useful theoretical and practical guidance
for the design and exploitation of enhanced functional nanostructures and optimized
integration of high-performance gas sensors.
