Highlights • The biogenesis, composition, isolation techniques and potential therapeutic mechanisms of EVs are reviewed and discussed. • A summary of the engineering strategies for EVs is provided, along with an application of each strategy. • The recent advances in the application of EVs in tissue regeneration are summarized. • The challenges and development direction of EVs are introduced and discussed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biologically active nanoparticles secreted by cells, which have a variety of physiological functions, such as promoting cell proliferation, regulating immunity, anti-inflammation, and facilitating angiogenesis. However, the application of EVs is limited by defects such as low therapeutic efficiency, lack of targeting, and unstable therapeutic effects. In recent years, various engineering methods have been developed to enhance the function of EVs. In addition, the research on the isolation methods and mechanisms of EVs has also made significant progress. In this paper, we review the biogenesis, composition, and isolation techniques of EVs, summarize the potential therapeutic mechanisms of natural EVs as well as the engineering strategies for EV modification, and highlight the recent advances in the application of EVs in tissue regeneration. Finally, we discuss EVs` current problems and future perspectives in regenerative medicine. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (219KB) Download : Download full-size image
Highlights • A convenient method for producing porous carbons with dual heteroatoms was reported. • Porous structure and heteroatom work synergistically to enhance catalytic activity. • Exceptional stability is shown by sustained high catalytic performance after 1-year storage. Development of affordable, efficient and metal-free heterogeneous catalytic systems has been a persistent challenge in academia and industry. Heteroatom-doped metal-free carbon materials are increasingly recognized as valuable heterogeneous catalysts, and if well-designed, can present comparable performance to, or even surpass transition metal-containing catalysts. Their physicochemical properties and structural characteristics are tunable in a wide range, plus being free of leakage problems of transition metal species into the environment. Herein, three types of hierarchically porous N/X co-doped carbon materials (X denotes B, P or S) were synthesized via using poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) as carbon precursors and source of heteroatom dopants. The incorporation of sacrificial pore-inducing templating agents which created abundant edge defects, in combination with a heteroatom co-doping strategy, enhanced the number of active sites and their peroxidase-like catalytic activities. Comparison with only nitrogen single-doped porous carbons as reference demonstrated that co-doping with nitrogen and another heteroatom exhibits higher peroxidase-like activity and affinity towards substrates. Among the three types of heteroatom co-doped porous carbonaceous artificial enzymes, the N/B co-doped carbonaceous catalyst displayed the highest specific activities and Vmax values. These observations suggest a synergistic effect of the co-dopants, here N and B in the enzyme that holds a promising potential to further enhance peroxidase-like activity. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (196KB) Download : Download full-size image
Tumor surgery poses significant challenges, including the presence of residual tumors, bacterial infections, and tissue defects, which contribute to high rates of tumor recurrence, low survival rates, and impaired wound healing. To address these issues, hydrogels, three-dimensional network structures formed through the crosslinking of natural or synthetic macromolecules, have emerged as promising solutions. By leveraging nanostructure-loaded hydrogels, different therapeutic modalities can be integrated into a single platform and significantly enhance antitumor effects and inhibit postoperative tumor metastasis and recurrence through synergistic therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, by incorporating therapeutic drugs and bioactive matrices, these nanostructure-loaded hydrogels can provide long-lasting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects while also facilitating the regeneration of bones, skin, and adipose tissue. This comprehensive review aims to explore the design strategies, latest advancements in research, and therapeutic applications of nanostructure-loaded hydrogels in the integrated fields of antitumor therapy and tissue regeneration, including their use in photothermal/photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, enhanced radiotherapy, and magnetic hyperthermia, as well as the synergistic therapeutic applications of the above methods. Finally, the challenges and potential solutions of nanostructure-loaded hydrogels in clinical therapy are also proposed. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (159KB) Download : Download full-size image
Mo2P as a new member of the advancing two-dimensional (2D) materials family has been theoretically identified in this study. We conducted extensive density functional theory calculations to explore the crystal structure, dynamical stability, mechanical response, electronic structure and optical properties. Mo2P was found to be metallic with the Fermi energy locating at the d bands of transition metal Mo. A high reflectivity of ∼100% at low energies less than 1 eV was observed, introducing Mo2P as a potential candidate for photonic and optoelectronic applications such as transmitting electromagnetic waves devices. Our calculations confirm that the novel 2D structure is dynamically stable and can withstand at high temperatures including 1000 K. Mo2P was found to yield high tensile strength and elastic modulus of 12 GPa nm and 56 GPa nm, respectively. We particularly evaluated the application of Mo2P as an anode material for Li and Na-ion rechargeable batteries. The open-circuit voltages of 0.88–1.06 V and 0.94–0.09 V were predicted for Li and Na ions storages, respectively, which are desirable for commercial anodic materials. Interestingly, our calculations predict remarkably low diffusion energy barriers of 50 meV and 17 meV for Li and Na adatoms, respectively, promising to achieve ultrafast charging/discharging. The findings provided by this study can motivate further experimental and theoretical studies to probe new 2D crystals made from phosphor and transition metals with 2H and 1T atomic structures. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (152KB) Download : Download full-size image
As a new optical material with huge potential application, nanomaterials have attracted much attention in the field of ultrafast photonics due to their proper band gap, multiple structure and stable chemical property. Although there have been many reports on light intensity modulators in ultrafast photonics fabricated by nanomaterials in recent years, few work has been done to analyze the role of nanomaterials at different scales with light-matter interaction. It is found that bonding of different scales of PbTe to the tapered fiber surface by a controlled variable method confirms that nanopowder PbTe has better light intensity modulation capability compared to bulk PbTe. At last, an optical-intensity modulator based on nano PbTe was utilized to achieve 830 fs laser pulse in fiber ring laser. These studies indicate that PbTe shows great promise for ultrafast photonic applications, and effectively promoting the development of semiconductor crystal-based optical devices. Grpahical abstarct Study the interaction of Pbte Thermoelectric Powders at different scales with light-matter interaction by femtosecond pulsed lasers and tapered fibers Download : Download high-res image (142KB) Download : Download full-size image
Colorless polyimides (CPIs) with outstanding mechanical properties are used as essential materials in the production of future flexible display panels, foldable windows, and spacecraft cockpit materials. However, under repetitive stress and deformation, fatigue fractures caused by cracks and radio waves may act as critical determinants of the properties and duration of the material. To solve this problem, the present study developed a CPI capable of self-healing, wherein the transparency and any damage caused by external stress are rapidly and easily restored. Our synthesized CPI films showed ultra-transmittance (> 95%) and excellent self-healing efficiency (> 98%) with a simultaneously induced multi exchange network. Notably, the films exhibited excellent mechanical properties even after a bending fatigue test involving more than 10,000 cycles. This study therefore suggests a new type of CPI with a self-healing function and shows that the trade-off between the durability and functionality can be completely resolved. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (225KB) Download : Download full-size image
Highlights • The biogenesis, composition, isolation techniques and potential therapeutic mechanisms of EVs are reviewed and discussed. • A summary of the engineering strategies for EVs is provided, along with an application of each strategy. • The recent advances in the application of EVs in tissue regeneration are summarized. • The challenges and development direction of EVs are introduced and discussed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biologically active nanoparticles secreted by cells, which have a variety of physiological functions, such as promoting cell proliferation, regulating immunity, anti-inflammation, and facilitating angiogenesis. However, the application of EVs is limited by defects such as low therapeutic efficiency, lack of targeting, and unstable therapeutic effects. In recent years, various engineering methods have been developed to enhance the function of EVs. In addition, the research on the isolation methods and mechanisms of EVs has also made significant progress. In this paper, we review the biogenesis, composition, and isolation techniques of EVs, summarize the potential therapeutic mechanisms of natural EVs as well as the engineering strategies for EV modification, and highlight the recent advances in the application of EVs in tissue regeneration. Finally, we discuss EVs` current problems and future perspectives in regenerative medicine. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (219KB) Download : Download full-size image
Highlights • A convenient method for producing porous carbons with dual heteroatoms was reported. • Porous structure and heteroatom work synergistically to enhance catalytic activity. • Exceptional stability is shown by sustained high catalytic performance after 1-year storage. Development of affordable, efficient and metal-free heterogeneous catalytic systems has been a persistent challenge in academia and industry. Heteroatom-doped metal-free carbon materials are increasingly recognized as valuable heterogeneous catalysts, and if well-designed, can present comparable performance to, or even surpass transition metal-containing catalysts. Their physicochemical properties and structural characteristics are tunable in a wide range, plus being free of leakage problems of transition metal species into the environment. Herein, three types of hierarchically porous N/X co-doped carbon materials (X denotes B, P or S) were synthesized via using poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) as carbon precursors and source of heteroatom dopants. The incorporation of sacrificial pore-inducing templating agents which created abundant edge defects, in combination with a heteroatom co-doping strategy, enhanced the number of active sites and their peroxidase-like catalytic activities. Comparison with only nitrogen single-doped porous carbons as reference demonstrated that co-doping with nitrogen and another heteroatom exhibits higher peroxidase-like activity and affinity towards substrates. Among the three types of heteroatom co-doped porous carbonaceous artificial enzymes, the N/B co-doped carbonaceous catalyst displayed the highest specific activities and Vmax values. These observations suggest a synergistic effect of the co-dopants, here N and B in the enzyme that holds a promising potential to further enhance peroxidase-like activity. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (196KB) Download : Download full-size image
Tumor surgery poses significant challenges, including the presence of residual tumors, bacterial infections, and tissue defects, which contribute to high rates of tumor recurrence, low survival rates, and impaired wound healing. To address these issues, hydrogels, three-dimensional network structures formed through the crosslinking of natural or synthetic macromolecules, have emerged as promising solutions. By leveraging nanostructure-loaded hydrogels, different therapeutic modalities can be integrated into a single platform and significantly enhance antitumor effects and inhibit postoperative tumor metastasis and recurrence through synergistic therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, by incorporating therapeutic drugs and bioactive matrices, these nanostructure-loaded hydrogels can provide long-lasting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects while also facilitating the regeneration of bones, skin, and adipose tissue. This comprehensive review aims to explore the design strategies, latest advancements in research, and therapeutic applications of nanostructure-loaded hydrogels in the integrated fields of antitumor therapy and tissue regeneration, including their use in photothermal/photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, enhanced radiotherapy, and magnetic hyperthermia, as well as the synergistic therapeutic applications of the above methods. Finally, the challenges and potential solutions of nanostructure-loaded hydrogels in clinical therapy are also proposed. Graphical abstract Download : Download high-res image (159KB) Download : Download full-size image
