The development of the non-ferrous metal industry is recognized as playing a crucial role in China's economic growth and industrialization process. However，the industry is confronted with numerous challenges，including technological bottlenecks，overcapacity of traditional production，and increasing pressure on carbon emissions. To address these issues and achieve high-quality development，the integration of new quality productivity is deemed essential. The mechanisms，challenges，and paths for new quality productivity to empower the new industrialization of the non-ferrous metal industry were explored. The key role of new quality productivity in driving the industry towards a more resilient，innovative，green，coordinated，open，and integrated future was identified. The research delved into the mechanisms through which new quality productivity enhanced the resilience of the non-ferrous metal industry. By strengthening the industry's basic foundation and improving the management systems of industrial chain resilience，new quality productivity helped the industry withstand external shocks and maintain stability. This was achieved through the optimization of production elements，the acceleration of specialized and complementary operations，and the digital transformation of key links in the supply chain. The critical role of new quality productivity in fostering innovation and development in the non-ferrous metal industry was highlighted. By promoting independent innovation and enhancing technological self-reliance，new quality productivity drove the industry towards high-quality and high-level technological modernization. This involved overcoming "stuck neck" problems in key materials and high-end equipment manufacturing，and transforming the industry's productivity foundation and nature through transformative and key technological innovations. The importance of new quality productivity in promoting green development in the non-ferrous metal industry was emphasized. By embracing the concept of green development and constructing a green，low-carbon，and circular economic system，new quality productivity helped the industry achieve green transformation. This involved the aggregation of new industries such as new energy and new materials，the development of new formats and services featuring digitalization，intelligence，and greenification，and the formation of a green industrial development path throughout the entire life cycle of the non-ferrous metal industry. The significance of new quality productivity in promoting coordinated development in the non-ferrous metal industry was discussed. By improving the mechanisms for the rational flow and allocation of production elements，and leveraging the comparative advantages and collaborative efficiency of various regions，new quality productivity helped bridge the gap between regions and build a unified national market. This involved the elimination of information asymmetry through digital tools and the transfer of industries between regions，leading to a new pattern of regional industrial division and a collaborative industrial chain value chain system. The role of new quality productivity in promoting open development in the non-ferrous metal industry was explored. By strengthening the deep integration and connection between domestic and international industrial systems，and deepening institutional opening-up，new quality productivity helped the industry achieve high-level opening-up. This involved utilizing China's super-large market size advantage，attracting foreign investment，and forming a new pattern of industrial development with equal competition between domestic and international industries. The importance of new quality productivity in promoting integrated development in the non-ferrous metal industry was examined. By promoting the deep integration of digital technology，intelligence，and green technology in the industry，new quality productivity drove the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing，fostered new formats and new businesses，and opened up new areas and competitions for the industry. This involved the acceleration of the digitalization of the industry，the development of new infrastructure，new application models，and new industrial forms，and the injection of new momentum into the industry's new industrialization. Several challenges that hindered the empowerment of new quality productivity in the non-ferrous metal industry's new industrialization were identified. These challenges included the risk of industrial chain relocation，the shortage of core technologies and products，the lack of high-quality composite talents，the insufficient investment in innovation，and the imperfect green manufacturing and service system. Feasible paths for new quality productivity to empower the new industrialization of the non-ferrous metal industry were proposed. These paths included consolidating the industry's basic foundation，improving the management systems of industrial chain resilience，cultivating independent innovation capabilities，building consensus on green development，constructing new mechanisms for coordinated governance，deepening cooperation and opening-up，and promoting the integration of digital and real economies. By implementing these paths，the non-ferrous metal industry can achieve high-quality development and make greater contributions to the construction of a modern industrial system，the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries，and the improvement of China's international competitiveness. The results showed that new quality productivity played a vital role in driving the non-ferrous metal industry toward a more sustainable and competitive future.

Water pollution has become a crucial issue with the development of urbanization and industrialization in modern society. Nitrate （NO₃⁻） pollutant is a common contaminant in surface and groundwater mainly from agricultural fertilisers，domestic sewage pollution，and industrial wastewater. Excessive nitrate in water will threaten human health and lead to environmental risks. Various techniques have been extensively studied to remove nitrate from water，such as biological denitrification，chemical reduction，reverse osmosis，ion exchange，electrocatalysis，and photocatalysis. Among them，electrocatalytic nitrate reduction is considered to be one of the most promising methods for removing pollutants from water due to its simple operating conditions and environmentally friendliness. In addition，ammonia （NH₃） is an important component in industrial chemicals and a potential hydrogen energy carrier. Compared with hydrogen energy，the storage and transportation of ammonia are more convenient and safer，and its volume hydrogen capacity in liquid ammonia is even much larger than liquid hydrogen. Thus，ammonia production has attracted increasing attention since the proposal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to NH₃ not only removes nitrate from water，but also obtains the high-value chemical ammonia. However，this process involves an 8-electron-multi proton reaction accompanied by many by-products （e.g.，NO₃⁻，NO，N₂，NH₂OH，etc.），which results in low NH₃ selectivity. Thus，the development of suitable and efficient electrocatalysts remains a great challenge to the large-scale production of NH₃. This paper summarized the recent progress and challenges of electrocatalytic nitrate to NH₃ synthesis in terms of catalytic mechanism and material design. Firstly，the possible catalytic mechanisms of electrocatalytic nitrate to ammonia synthesis technology were discussed. The mechanism of nitrate electroreduction mainly included indirect autocatalytic reduction pathway and direct electrocatalytic reduction pathway. When nitrate did not participate in the electron-transfer process，reduction process could be defined as indirect autocatalytic reduction. The direct nitrate electroreduction was composed of the regulation of active adsorbed hydrogen atoms （H_ads） and the electron reduction process. As for nitrate electroreduction to NH₃，four catalytic reaction pathways of electrocatalytic nitrate to ammonia synthesis have been proposed through theoretical calculation. These pathways could be classified into O-end，O-side，N-end，and N-side pathways. Secondly，recent advance in electrocatalytic materials design，including noble metal catalysts，non-precious metal catalysts，and non-metallic catalysts，was summarized. Among them，noble metal Pt，Pd，Ru，Rh，Ir，Ag，and Au showed good nitrate reduction activity. By optimizing synthetic strategies，Pd，Ru，Ag，and Au could realize high selectivity toward NH₃；moreover，non-precious metal electrocatalysts （Cu，Ni，Fe，Co and Ti） have attracted more and more attention in electrocatalytic nitrate reduction due to low cost and excellent activity. Especially，Cu-based electrocatalysts possessed the highest catalytic activity and were widely used in the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate. The crystal plane of Cu played an important role on the electrochemical performance. In an alkaline solution，the onset potential of Cu（100） for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate was lower than that of Cu（111）. Interestingly，in acidic media，the onset potential of both is similar. The ratio of Cu（200）/Cu（111） could regulate the selectivity of nitrate reduction. By reducing the intensity ratio of Cu（200）/Cu（111），higher N₂ selectivity could be achieved. Other Cu-based compounds，including Cu_xO，Cu_xP，and Cu-MOF materials，also showed good nitrate reduction properties. However，surface self-reconstruction usually occurs at a higher reduction potential，resulting in changes in the structure or the local coordination environment and its catalytic activity or stability of the materials. For instance，in-situ Raman spectra combined with the experimental results confirmed that CuO could be electrochemically converted into Cu/Cu₂O during the catalytic process. The obtained Cu/Cu₂O as the real catalyst could promote the formation of *NOH intermediates and inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction. Thus，to reveal the surface self-reconstruction of the materials under reaction conditions was crucial for high NH₃ selectivity. Recently，various carbon materials，including graphene and porous carbon，also had outstanding properties in nitrate reduction. The current challenges in nitrate electroreduction to ammonia synthesis were also discussed in depth：1） the catalytic mechanism remained unclear. It was urgent to combine the in-situ characterization method with theoretical calculation to monitor and verify the catalytic mechanism of the electrocatalysts under reaction conditions；2） The catalytic performance，stability and selectivity of the electrocatalysts should be also improved；3） The separation and purification of the products should be further studied；at present，there were few reports on the separation and purification of NH₃ product；due to the complex composition in sewage，the separation and purification of ammonia remained an enormous challenge. In future studies，the separation and purification of products should pay more attention. This review was expected to provide reference value for the design of electrocatalysts in efficient nitrate electroreduction to ammonia synthesis and point out the research direction for the future development of electrochemical ammonia synthesis from nitrate reduction.

As a clean energy storage and conversion technology，lithium-ion batteries have received widespread attention. Spinel LiMn₂O₄ is an important cathode material for lithium-ion batteries，which has low cost，environmental friendliness，high safety，and three-dimensional channel for Li⁺ conduction. However，its capacity decays quickly during charge/discharge cycles，which limits the application of this cathode material. The problem is mainly caused by the Mn dissolution，Jahn-Teller effect，and oxygen defects generated by the material during the charge/discharge cycles. In order to solve the problems of poor cycle stability and rapid capacity decay of spinel LiMn₂O₄ cathode materials. LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄ and Al-Co co-doped LiAl_0.08Co_xMn_1.92-xO₄ （x=0.01，0.03 and 0.05） cathode materials were synthesized by a solid-phase combustion using Li₂CO₃ and MnCO₃ as lithium and manganese sources，and Al（NO₃）₃·9H₂O and CoCO₃ as Al and Co dopants. Powder X-ray diffraction （XRD），scanning electron microscopy （SEM），transmission electron microscopy （TEM），and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） were combined to characterize the crystal structure and microstructure morphology of materials. The LANHE land battery test system was used to test the electrochemical properties of the materials，and cyclic voltammetry （CV） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） tests were carried out on the materials by electrochemical workstation to analyze the kinetic properties of the materials and calculate the relevant parameters. From the perspective of crystal structure and micromorphology，with the increase of Co doping，the lattice constant gradually decreased，and Al-Co co-doping promoted the crystallinity of the material and the selective growth of {111}，{100} and {110} crystal faces，so that MnO₆ skeleton in e LiMn₂O₄ lattice shrank and LiO₄ skeleton expanded，which helped to improve the crystal structure stability of the material and effectively inhibit Jahn-Teller effect. Further observed the micromorphology of the materials with the aid of SEM and TEM，the amount of Co doping increased，the particle size of the material decreased，the particle size distribution became uniform，as well as the truncated octahedral morphological particles containing {111}，{100}，and {110} crystal planes were obtained，among which the truncated octahedral morphology particles in LiAl_0.08Co_0.03Mn_1.89O₄ material had more and the most complete morphology. The smaller particle size could increase the contact area between the particles and the electrolyte，making it easier for Li⁺ to quickly enter the particle from the electrolyte and diffuse inside the pellet，which could improve the diffusion rate of Li⁺，thereby improving the power performance of the battery. In addition，during the battery charging and discharging process，due to the slow diffusion rate of Li⁺ in the material，it might cause some Li⁺ to accumulate near the surface of the particles，forming polarization phenomenon，and reducing the utilization rate of Li⁺. When the particle size was small，the diffusion path of Li⁺ from the surface of the particle to the inside of the particle was shorter，which could reduce the accumulation phenomenon of Li⁺ and improve the utilization rate of Li⁺. The average valence state +3.56 of Mn in LiAl_0.08Co_0.03Mn_1.89O₄ was higher than that of LiMn₂O₄ （theoretical value was +3.50），which effectively inhibited Jahn-Teller effect. It could be seen from the battery test system results that LiAl_0.08Co_0.03Mn_1.89O₄ material showed excellent high rate capacity and long cycle life，and the initial discharge specific capacity of LiAl_0.08Co_0.03Mn_1.89O₄ material was 112.4 mAh·g⁻¹ at 5C，which was higher than that of LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄. The capacity retention after 1000 charge/discharge cycles was 81.3%，which was also significantly higher than that of LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄ （66.4%）. At a higher current rate of 10C，the first discharge specific capacity of LiAl_0.08Co_0.03Mn_1.89O₄ was 103.0 mAh·g⁻¹，which was higher than that of LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄. CV test results showed that LiAl_0.08Co_0.03Mn_1.89O₄ had good electrochemical cycle reversibility，and Al-Co co-doping significantly reduced the polarization during the material cycling process. EIS was further tested and calculated that LiAl_0.08Co_0.03Mn_1.89O₄ had a large Li⁺ diffusion coefficient （1.935×10⁻¹⁶ cm²·s⁻¹） and a lower apparent activation energy （29.16 kJ·mol⁻¹），and Li⁺ needed to overcome a lower energy barrier and fast diffusion speed in the embedding and detachment process，because {100} and {110} crystal planes provided additional diffusion channels for Li⁺. And smaller particle sizes would shorten the diffusion path of Li⁺ and increase the diffusion rate of Li⁺. The combination of Al-Co co-doping and truncated octahedral particle morphology not only inhibited Jahn-Teller effect of the spinel LiMn₂O₄，but also slowed down Mn dissolution and increase the number of Li⁺ diffusion channels，stabilizing the crystal structure of the material，hence significantly improving the high rate capacity and long cycle life of LiMn₂O₄ cathode material. Al-Co co-doping modify spinel LiMn₂O₄ was of great significance in the field of lithium-ion batteries，and this research provided a new idea and experimental basis for the design and preparation of high-performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries，and promoted the development and application of clean energy technologies. Although further research was needed，the method of Al-Co co-doping with single crystal morphology to modulate modified spinel-type LiMn₂O₄ cathode materials provided hope for the sustainable development of lithium-ion batteries.

The elevated alloy content in superalloy master alloys results in significant microsegregation during the solidification process，potentially giving rise to the formation of sizable carbides and brittle eutectic phase. Nonetheless，eliminating the brittle phase from the master alloy of single-crystal superalloys during subsequent directional solidification is challenging，as it tends to be retained and can significantly degrade the product's performance，particularly in turbine blades. To address the challenge of microsegregation and other solidification defects in superalloys，an investigation into the impact of pouring temperature on microsegregation and carbide precipitation in DD10 （nickel-base single crystal superalloy） master alloy was conducted. Aiming to address the susceptibility of superalloys to solidification defects，such as microsegregation，a 1.3 kg DD10 master alloy ingot was produced in a laboratory vacuum induction furnace. Subsequently，a small sample was extracted from the ingot for analysis. Following grinding and polishing of the sample，scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS） techniques were employed to observe and analyze the carbides present. Additionally，the sample underwent corrosion treatment using a microetching solution （comprising 76.45% HCl，7.21% H₂SO₄ and 16.34% CuSO₄）. Optical microscopy was utilized to examine the alloy's microstructure. Further analysis was conducted with electron probe microanalysis （EPMA），involving both surface scanning and point scanning of the samples at various pouring temperature to assess microsegregation within the ingot. The equilibrium distribution coefficient of alloying elements in superalloy DD10 was determined using the equilibrium module within the Thermo-Calc thermodynamic software. To comprehensively investigate the impact of cooling rate on microsegregation，it was considered in conjunction with the microsegregation model. The results indicated that DD10 master alloy exhibited a characteristic dendritic microstructure. As the pouring temperature decreased，secondary dendrite spacing decreased while the cooling rate increased. Al，Ta，and Ti exhibited positive segregation between dendrites，while Co，Cr，and W showed negative segregation within the dendrite core. Mo，on the other hand，exhibited relatively uniform distribution without a noticeable segregation tendency. The segregation of Ti，Ta，and W was particularly pronounced. As the pouring temperature decreased，the segregation of alloy elements initially decreased and then increased，with the lowest segregation observed at 1380 ℃. Significant improvement in the segregation of Ti，W，Cr，and Co was observed at a pouring temperature of 1380 ℃. Thermo-Calc thermodynamic software calculated the liquidus temperature of the DD10 master alloy during equilibrium solidification to be approximately 1341 ℃，with a solidus temperature of about 1293 ℃. During solidification，the γ phase precipitated initially，followed by the precipitation of MC carbides. At 1172 ℃，following solidification，the γ phase underwent a transformation known as γ'. Results from the microsegregation model calculations indicated that as the cooling rate increased，the concentrations of positive segregation elements Ti and Ta in the interdendritic regions decreased，while the concentrations of negative segregation elements W in the same regions increased，resulting in a weakening of microsegregation in the alloy. Nonetheless，the extent of microsegregation was influenced by secondary dendrite spacing and liquid fluidity. At a pouring temperature of 1380 ℃，the alloy exhibited a moderate secondary dendrite spacing，coupled with good liquid phase fluidity，resulting in the least degree of microsegregation. The findings revealed that carbides within the DD10 master alloy were predominantly located in the interdendritic regions. At a pouring temperature of 1360 ℃，numerous large-scale strip carbides，characterized by their richness in Ti and Ta （referred to as MC carbides），were observed. However，at temperatures of 1380 ℃ and 1400 ℃，predominantly massive carbides were present. Bulk carbides were categorized as either composite or pure carbides. Composite carbides primarily consisted of Ti （C，N） at the core，with peripheral carbides comprising MC carbides rich in Ti and Ta. Similarly，pure carbides also consisted of MC carbides rich in Ti and Ta. The size and area ratio of MC carbides exhibited an initial decrease followed by an increase with rising pouring temperature. At a pouring temperature of 1380 ℃，the MC carbides attained their minimum size，with an average size of 7.27 μm. Conversely，at 1360 ℃，the carbides reached their maximum size，averaging 10.28 μm. The average carbide size was 7.86 μm at 1400 ℃. As the pouring temperature decreased，the quantity of carbides diminished. This phenomenon was primarily associated with microsegregation and secondary dendrite spacing. Greater microsegregation resulted in more carbide precipitation，while smaller secondary dendrite spacing facilitated the formation of large-size long strip carbides. The formation of large-size massive carbides at higher pouring temperature and large-size strip carbides at lower pouring temperature adversely impacted the alloy's properties. In conclusion，when the pouring temperature was 1380 ℃，the microsegregation of the master alloy was at its minimum，while the precipitation amount and carbide size were optimized. Consequently，selecting the appropriate pouring temperature enhanced the reduction of microsegregation and optimized carbide formation in the master alloy.

The dangers posed by global warming and climate change have spurred scientists to intensify efforts in developing economically efficient methods to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide （CO₂） accumulation. One particularly promising approach is catalytic conversion of CO₂ to methanol （CH₃OH） using renewable energy sources. This method not only mitigates CO₂ emissions but also plays a pivotal role in hydrogen storage and release processes，potentially driving advancements in the chemical and energy sectors. Such technology could promote more sustainable resource utilization，aligning with the dual objectives of environmental protection and sustainable development. Palladium （Pd）-based heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as prominent subjects of study in the realm of hydrogenation catalysis due to their exceptional hydrogen adsorption capabilities and impressive resistance to deactivation. In the domain of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol，monometallic Pd catalysts are critical focal points of research due to their significant value and potential impact. These catalysts typically consist of active monometallic Pd supported on specific carriers，such as CeO₂，SiO₂，ZnO，and Ga₂O₃. These oxide carriers serve as support materials，providing a foundation for the dispersion of active metal Pd and fostering strong metal-oxide carrier interactions （SMSI）. This interaction significantly influencs the dispersion of active metal Pd and the formation of metal-carrier interface sites，both of which play crucial roles in the rate and selectivity of catalytic reactions. CeO₂，functioning as a catalyst carrier，prossesses remarkable CO₂ adsorption capacity and oxygen mobility. For instance，rod-like structures of CeO₂ （CeO₂-R） exhibit higher oxygen vacancy density and quantity，as well as enhanced oxygen mobility in CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. By introducing an appropriate amount of Pd，CeO₂-R could enhance CO₂ reactivity and increase methanol yield. Using high-surface-area mesoporous SiO₂ support materials like MCM-41 and SBA-15 is beneficial in terms of improving the catalytic performance of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol by facilitating the better dispersion of Pd nanoparticles. Additionally，the addition of alkaline promoters like Ca significantly increases the activity and selectivity of Pd catalysts. ZnO，serving as a carrier，could promote Pd particle dispersion and stability，consequently enhancing catalytic activity. The addition of MgO as a promoter could bolster reducibility of Pd catalysts，leading to improve activity and methanol selectivity in CO₂ hydrogenation. Similarly，Ga₂O₃ as a carrier also plays a pivotal function in CO₂ hydrogenation reactions. Through in-situ fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） studies，it was revealed that Pd/β-Ga₂O₃ catalysts effectively convert CO₂ into for mate intermediates，which were subsequently hydrogenated to methanol，demonstrating outstanding selectivity. Despite advancements with monometallic Pd catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol，they still face significant challenges related to activity，product selectivity，and catalyst stability. Therefore，researchers actively explored bimetallic catalysts as a strategy to enhance catalytic performance. By introducing metal oxides such as ZnO，Ga₂O₃，and In₂O₃ to form PdZn，PdGa，and PdIn alloys or metal intermetallic compounds，catalyst performance could be enhanced. These alloying processes could alter the chemical properties of the metal surface，provide new active sites，increase the metal surface area，and induce defect effects，thereby promoting CO₂ adsorption and activation，as well as methanol synthesis. In the case of PdZn alloy，ZnO formed PdZn alloys with Pd，increasing metal surface area and catalytic activity. Pd particles of varying sizes displayed distinct SMSI effects on ZnO carriers. Larger Pd particles showcased a stronger SMSI with ZnO carrier，enhancing both catalyst activity and methanol selectivity. Doping ZnO with Pd to create PdZn alloy catalysts significantly improved CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol efficiency，particularly on TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ carriers where PdZn catalysts performed exceptionally well. The addition of Ga₂O₃ promoted the formation of PdGa alloys，aiding in enhanced methanol selectivity. Pd-modified carriers like carbon nanotubes （CNT），promoted strong interactions between Pd and Ga₂O₃，resulting in the formation of PdGa alloys，thus enhancing methanol synthesis activity. Ga-doped SiO₂ carriers effectively suppressed the reverse water-gas shift （RWGS） reaction while improving CO₂ hydrogenation selectivity. PdIn alloys and intermetallic compounds also exhibited excellent catalytic performance. By introducing In₂O₃ to Pd catalysts to form PdIn alloys，catalysts' adsorption，CO₂ activation，and C-O bond cleavage capabilities could be enhanced. Furthermore，other bimetallic alloys like Pd-Cu alloys showed promising catalytic performance on various carriers，demonstrating high methanol selectivity and yield. The formation of alloy catalysts promoted H₂ dissociation and methanol production，enhancing CO₂ hydrogenation efficiency. By controlling oxide carriers，optimizing active sites，and improving metal-carrier interactions to form alloys or intermetallic compounds，catalytic performance in CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol reactions could be effectively enhanced. The development of monometallic Pd catalysts supported on specific carriers，such as CeO₂，SiO₂，ZnO，and Ga₂O₃，harnessed the unique properties of these support materials，including CO₂ adsorption and oxygen migration capabilities，to enhance the catalytic process. Despite some progress in monometallic Pd catalysts，significant challenges still remained，including activity，selectivity，and stability. To address these challenges，scientists investigated bimetallic catalysts，where Pd was combined with metal oxides to form alloys or intermetallic compounds. These bimetallic catalysts，through alterations in the chemical properties of the metal surface，the provision of new active sites，and the increase in metal surface area，exhibited enhanced performance. Research on Pd catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol held immense potential for advancing the goals of mitigating climate change and developing sustainable energy sources. The insights gained from these studies were crucial for the ongoing optimization of catalyst design and its industrial application.

Co-28Cr alloy has the prospect of application in the jewelry field due to its high strength，wear resistance，corrosion resistance，and biocompatibility，and has similar luster appearance to gold，silver，and platinum precious metal. The ring cast with Co-28Cr alloy are often broken at the ring grip，due to its high volume fraction of the hcp phase，which make the alloy have a high microhardness，strength，and insufficient toughness. In this work，the as-cast Co-28Cr alloy was selected as the research object. In order to obtain high toughness，the fcc stable elements Mn，Ti，Fe，and C were added to make the alloy have a high volume fraction of the fcc phase. The solution treatment process of 1250 ℃/4 h water cooling （WC） and the aging treatment process of 600~700 ℃/1 h WC were adopted. The microstructure of the tensile surface of the alloy after different aging treatment and three-point bending was observed by AxioVert. A1 optical microscope （OM）. The phase and strain distributions of the samples with different aging treatments were analyzed by SYMMETRY electron backscatter diffractometer （EBSD）. The effects of aging temperature on microstructure，mechanical properties and fracture morphology of as-cast Co-28Cr alloy were studied by room temperature three point bending test and microhardness test with WDW-50 universal testing machine and HV-1000 digital hardness tester. The results showed that the microstructure of the as-cast Co-28Cr alloy consisted of fcc phase，hcp phase，and a small amount of Cr₂₃C₆ and TiN. After solid solution treatment，there was basically no dendritic structures in Co-28Cr alloy，and Cr₂₃C₆ changed from strip to sphere. During aging treatment at 600 or 650 ℃，the isothermal martensite was formed on the stacking fault and the athermal martensite of thick was formed on the grain boundary. It could be seen from the EBSD micrographs that the volume fraction of hcp phase increased gradually from 13% to 26% with the increase of aging temperature. The volume fraction of hcp phase in 700 ℃/1 h WC sample was twice as much as that in 600 C/1 h WC sample. When the aging temperature was 600 or 700 ℃，the width of hcp phase laths was fine and the quantity was large. When the aging temperature was 650 ℃，the width of hcp phase laths was thicker and the quantity was less. In the process of martensite transformation，isothermal martensite required greater driving force and internal strain than that of athermal martensite，therefore，the local average misorientation （LAM） value of isothermal martensite was higher than that of athermal martensite. With the increase of aging temperature，the microhardness and bending strength of the alloy increased，because with the increase of the volume fraction of hcp phase，the strength of the alloy increased. When the aging temperature was 650 ℃，the bending angle of the alloy was the largest，mainly due to the finer the laths of hcp phase and strong bending resistance. After the three-point bending test，strain-induced martensite transformation （SIMT） from fcc phase to hcp phase occurred，which was the main deformation mechanism. When the aging temperature was 650 ℃，the angle between the strain-induced martensite laths was 90° and the average width of laths was 16.5 μm，therefore，the bending property of the alloy was better. When the aging temperature was 600 or 700 ℃，the angle of strain-induced martensite laths were smaller and the average width of laths were finer，the bending property of the alloy was worse. The results showed that the best matching heat treatment system for strength and toughness of as-cast Co-28Cr alloy for ring was （1250 ℃/4 h WC）+（650 ℃/1 h WC）.

Vanadium-titanium magnetite （VTM） is a crucial strategic mineral resource，and it is mainly processed through two methods：blast furnace process and non-blast furnace process. Preparation of high-quality furnace burden is one of the significant steps to improve the utilization efficiency of VTM in both processes. Compared to sinter ore，VTM pellets have great advantages，such as higher iron content and lower energy consumption. In particular，the addition of flux to VTM pellets has been shown to optimize the burden structure and reduce energy consumption during the VTM smelting process，which is helpful for achieving carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutral before 2060. There are many kinds of microscopic phase in VTM pellets，and the action mechanism of flux containing calcium and magnesium is complicated. The expansion and disintegration of VTM pellets are serious in the reduction process，and flux addition also affects the reduction expansion and disintegration properties. This paper systematically reviewed the current domestic and international research progresses on fluxed VTM pellets. The impacts of three types of fluxes （flux containing calcium，flux containing magnesium，and compound calcium magnesium flux） on the properties of VTM pellets were further studied and compared from perspectives of the properties of green pellets，consolidation behavior，reduction swelling，and reduction disintegration. The preparation of high-quality fluxed VTM pellets was a significant challenge in the VTM smelting process. As for green VTM pellets，when adjusting the basicity of VTM pellets by quicklime within the range of 0.6 to 1.2，both the compressive strength and falling strength exhibited an upward trend with the basicity increased. Under the condition that basicity 1.0，the MgO content in VTM pellets，varied from 1.0% to 3.0%，had little impacts on the falling strength but higher impacts on the compressive strength of green pellets.With the increase of MgO content，the compressive strength initially decreased and then slightly rebounded. The introduction of dolomite into the mixture oredeteriorated the compressive strength of VTM pellets. Interestingly，as the basicity rose from 0.6 to 1.2 due to the addition of dolomite，the falling strength of the pellets gradually increased. The physical properties of the flux itself had great influence on the performance of the green pellets. During the VTM pellets consolidation，the addition of a certain amount of calcium-based flux improved the formation of low-melting point binder phase，which enhanced the consolidation strength and reduced the reduction expansion rate. However，excessive calcium content in VTM pellets were not conducive to improving the consolidation strength and reduction performance considering the perovskite solid solution preferably generated by the combination of calcium and titanium. Thus，the suitable low-melting point binder phase content and less perovskite phase were more beneficial to the consolidation and reduction performance of VTM pellets. Besides，the addition of magnesium-containing fluxes during pellets consolidation led to the formation of stable magnesium-iron solid solution （（Fe_xMg_1-x）O·Fe₂O₃）. This solid solution hampered the recrystallization of titanium-containing hematite and reduced the consolidation strength of VTM pellets. Therefore，the higher the content of gangue phase and magnesium-iron solid solution was，the more difficult to crystallize and recrystallize titanium-bearing hematite in VTM pellets，resulting in poorer consolidation strength of pellets. However，the formation of magnesium-iron solid solution aided in improving the reduction expansion performance of the pellets. The formation of magnesium-iron solid solution phase prevented the reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺，which reduced the reduction expansion rate of VTM pellets. What's more，under the combined influence of composite fluxes containing calcium and magnesium，consolidation strength of VTM pellets was superior to that of single magnesium-based fluxed VTM pellets. The efficient utilization of multiple fluxes in VTM pellets could make up for the poor performance of pellets caused by single fluxes. An industrial experiment，aimed at producing magnesium VTM pellets at ironmaking plant, Chengde iron & steel company, Hebei iron & steel （HBIS） group，was successfully conducted to verify the above process route based on magnesium VTM pellets. This experiment used magnesium as an additive. Following meticulous adjustments to the furnace charge structure conditions of the shaft furnace，pellets with commendable metallurgical properties were achieved. The utilization of high-quality flux VTM pellets could enhance production efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Further research was suggested from viewpoints of elucidating the microscopic mechanisms involved in the consolidation and reduction of these pellets，as well as developing methods to prepare high-quality VTM pellets，can offer theoretical and technical support for the efficient utilization of VTM resources，could lay the material foundation for the clean charge and efficient utilization of VTM. Additionally，this research held significant guiding significance for the production and application of other types of complex iron flux pellets and low carbon green environment.

With the peak of a large number of scrap power batteries approaching，it becomes increasingly important to efficiently recycle and dispose of them. Currently，there are two ways to recycle power batteries：direct recycling and stepwise utilization before recycling. In fact，retired power batteries still retain 70%~80% of their available capacity，which can be used in applications such as electric bicycles，low-speed electric vehicles，smart grids，and energy storage. On one hand，stepwise utilization helps extend the overall lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. On the other hand，it also reflects the complete lifecycle value of the batteries. However，there are significant technical limitations in the stepwise utilization of discarded batteries. Due to the constraints of battery production processes，even within the same batch of batteries，there can be various issues and challenges from the same manufacturer. To obtain the higher voltage and capacity required for practical use，hundreds or even thousands of individual batteries may need to be connected in series and parallel to form a battery pack. Over time and in complex usage environments，the inconsistencies between individual batteries within the battery pack will be amplified. Therefore，in order to facilitate the stepwise utilization of discarded batteries，it is necessary to develop a low-energy，high-precision，and fast capacity prediction method to lay the foundation for the separation and recombination of discarded batteries. To address the issues of long testing time and high energy consumption in capacity testing of retired lithium batteries，this study proposed a retired battery capacity prediction method based on RBF （radial basis function） neural networks. First，the batteries were adequately stored. Then，three complete charge-discharge tests were performed on the batteries at 1C to obtain the discharge capacity of the batteries. Based on the results of the three discharge capacity tests，the average value was calculated to determine the remaining capacity of the retired batteries. Afterward，the batteries were subjected to 10 s of pulse discharge and pulse charge at 1C. The charge and discharge ohmic resistance as well as the charge and discharge polarization resistance of the retired batteries were calculated based on the results of the pulse testing data. Additionally，the batteries were charged at a constant current to 3.5 V under 1C conditions，and short-term constant current charging data was obtained. From this data，characteristic parameters such as the charging capacity to 3.5 V and charging time were extracted. Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to calculate the relationship between these characteristic parameters and retired battery capacity in the range of –0.8~–0.6 and 0.6~0.8. The results indicated a strong correlation between the feature parameters and the actual capacity of retired batteries. The feature parameter with the highest correlation was the polarization resistance obtained through pulse discharge. During the degradation process of retired batteries，the internal structure of the battery's active material had been damaged，affecting the migration and diffusion of lithium ions between the active materials in the electrochemical reaction process. This led to the occurrence of different forms and intensities of polarization within the battery，resulting in different internal polarization resistances. Therefore，the polarization resistance obtained through pulse testing could，to some extent，reflect the degree of deterioration of the internal structure of the battery. Finally，RBF neural network was introduced to establish the mapping relationship between multiple feature parameters and battery capacity，establishing a prediction model for the capacity of retired batteries. In the process of establishing the capacity prediction model，the proportion of training and test data could affect the prediction results of the model. In order to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the established capacity prediction model，50%，60%，70%，80%，and 90% of each data set were used as the training set （input to RBF neural network），and the remaining data were used as the test set （output of the model） to establish the capacity prediction model. The maximum relative error and prediction accuracy were used to analyze the effectiveness of the prediction part of the model. The results were analyzed based on different training and test ratios. Using 50%，60%，70%，80%，and 90% of the data from 93 sets for training the model，the rest were used for testing the model. It could be seen that the capacity prediction model built based on RBF neural network achieved a prediction accuracy of over 90% under different data training ratios. According to the results of the verification experiments，the retired battery capacity prediction method based on multiple feature parameter combinations and RBF neural networks was effective. Compared with the current direct measurement of retired battery capacity，this new method significantly shortened the charge-discharge process and eliminated long-standing steps. Therefore，it achieved significant time，energy，and cost savings. The model was applied to verify different types of batteries，and the maximum error in predicting capacity was within 0.6443 Ah. The verification showed that the model could efficiently and robustly predict the remaining capacity of retired lithium batteries and had great practical value in engineering.

Iron-based alloy is an important industrial material，usually composed of iron，nickel，cobalt，and other elements. It has high strength and hardness，as well as excellent mechanical properties，thermal stability，good corrosion resistance，and high temperature strength. Therefore，it has been widely used in aviation，aerospace，energy，and chemical industry. Different kinds of iron-based alloys have different applications in various fields，however，new types of iron-based alloys still need to be further studied and developed. Stainless steel is widely used in food processing，chemical industry，medical equipment，and other fields due to its excellent corrosion resistance. Cast iron can maintain good strength and hardness at high temperature and is widely used in automobile manufacturing，machining，and other fields. Heat-resistant alloy can maintain stability under high temperature and pressure environment and is widely used in aerospace，nuclear industry，and other fields. The iron-based alloy has high strength and hardness，which can be used to prepare structural parts in high load，high pressure，and high temperature environment. Excellent wear resistance allows it to be used under the condition of high speeds movement or heavy load for a long time；it is widely used in the manufacture of electrical equipment，such as motors and transformers，due to its high permeability and low hysteresis loss. Alloying can improve the corrosion resistance of iron-based alloy，so it is often used in the manufacture of seawater treatment equipment and chemical equipment. Its excellent plasticity and toughness，easy to process into a variety of shapes，make it can be produced through forging，extrusion，casting，and other processing methods according to demand. In addition，iron-based alloys are widely used and studied because of their simple manufacturing process and relatively low cost. Nowadays，the requirements foriron-based alloys are increasing，so it is necessary to choose the method of calculation simulation to carry out the experiment. By establishing appropriate mathematical models to simulate the performance changes of materials under different conditions，computational simulation can predict material properties more quickly and economically，it also provides more accurate direction and guidance for experiments，and improves experimental efficiency and quality of results. At the same time，microstructure and physical properties of iron-based alloy can be further studied by computational simulation，which can provide a theoretical basis for material design and optimization. With the development and popularization of computer technology，the existing methods for simulating materials mainly include molecular dynamics simulation，Monte Carlo simulation，first principles calculation，and so on. Molecular dynamics simulation is a computational simulation method to simulate the molecular motion of materials. It is mainly used to simulate the mechanical properties，thermodynamic properties，and transport properties of materials. It can conduct in-depth research on the dynamic behavior of materials，but it requires a large amount of computation and has a long calculation period. Monte Carlo simulation is a computational simulation method based on probability statistics，which is mainly used to simulate the phase transition，crystal growth，and surface reconstruction of materials. It can study the thermodynamic properties of materials. This simulation method is sensitive to the initial value of the system and requires the initial state parameters to be set accurately. First principles calculation is a computational simulation method based on quantum mechanics，which is mainly used to simulate the electronic structure，optical properties，and catalytic reactions of materials，and can conduct in-depth research on the microstructure of materials. This simulation calculation method does not rely on any empirical and experimental parameters，the calculation accuracy is high and the calculation results are reliable. The research on first principles calculation in iron-based alloys mainly focuses on electronic structure，crystal structure，mechanical properties，and magnetic properties. Iron-based alloys are widely used in various fields，with different requirements depending on the application. First principles calculation is a reliable and efficient method，which can predict the properties and structures of iron-based alloys，providing guidance for their design and application. In this paper，the theoretical basis of first principles calculation and the current research progress on crystal structure，electronic structure，mechanical properties，magnetic properties，and surface properties in iron-based alloys were reviewed. Additionally，the existing problems of first principles calculation in the study of iron-based alloys were described. This paper provided reference for the future application of first principles in iron-based alloys.

Molecular recognition technology （MRT） is one of the most advanced separation technologies today. MRT separation technology of platinum group metals （PGMs） has attracted increasing attention due to its advantages such as short process flow，high recovery，and short cycle time. The principle of molecular recognition technology is to use specially designed macrocyclic compounds or ligands to selectively adsorb target ions from the solution without other ions being adsorbed，achieving the separation of target ions. At the same time，the adsorbed target ions can be desorbed by changing conditions. Due to its high selectivity and excellent adsorption performance of recognition materials，the target ions can be effectively separated and enriched. Molecular recognition technology，similar to ion exchange method，is a liquid-solid extraction technology that has developed rapidly in recent years. Due to its higher selectivity and shorter technological process，it has received high attention in the platinum group metal refining industry. In this paper，the material structure，kinetics，and thermodynamics of adsorption of platinum group metals （Pd，Pt and Rh） onto MRT materials were studied. For the structure of their recognition materials，particle size analyzer，specific surface area analyzer，pore volume tester，X-ray fluorescence analyzer，scanning electron microscope （SEM） and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer （FT-TR） were used to conduct physical characterization and structural analysis of three recognition materials （M1，M2 and M3）. The role of materials in separating precious metals from a structural perspective was analyzed and identified. And the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics experiments on three recognition materials （M1，M2 and M3） were conducted. During the adsorption kinetics experiment，the recognition materials were added to three chloride solutions of Pd，Pt，and Rh to oscillate at constant temperature，take regular samples，and determine the concentration in the solution using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Studying the adsorption kinetics model could predict the possible reaction mechanism and predict the reaction rate，and establish a quasi-first order kinetic model or a quasi-second order kinetic model. When conducting thermodynamic experiments，the adsorption equilibria were performed at 303，308，313，318，and 323 K，and the concentrations of Pd，Pt，and Rh in the solution were measured. The thermodynamic study of the adsorption of platinum group metals by MRT materials began with adsorption isotherm models，adsorption equilibrium studies，and thermodynamic parameters. In order to better understand the adsorption mechanism of the three materials for platinum group metals （Pd，Pt，and Rh），two classical adsorption models，Langmuir model and Freundlich model，were used to fit the experimental data. Through data processing and theoretical analysis，model parameters were established for the adsorption of PdCl₄²⁻ by M1 material，PtCl₆²⁻ by M2 material，and RhCl₆³⁻ by M3 material，and the thermodynamic linear relationship diagrams for the adsorption of Pd，Pt，and Rh by MRT material were fitted. The results showed that the adsorption of PdCl₄²⁻ by M1 material，PtCl₄²⁻ by M2 material，and RhCl₆³⁻ by M3 material conformed to a quasi-second order kinetic model，the adsorption of Pd，Pt，and Rh all conformed to Langmuir model. The order of adsorption rates of the three materials was ν_Pd>ν_Pt>ν_Rh，and the saturated adsorption capacity was Q_Rh>Q_Pd>Q_Pt. The adsorption enthalpy change （ΔH） values for Pd，Pt，and Rh were 31.33，10.75 and，19.50 kJ·mol⁻¹，respectively，indicating that there was no enhanced bonding force during the adsorption process，mainly due to ion exchange，hydrogen bonding，and hydrophobic bonding. On the one hand，Gibbs free energy change （ΔG）<0 in the adsorption process of the three recognition materials indicated that the process of adsorption of platinum group metals could occur spontaneously and belonged to a physical adsorption process；on the other hand，the result of entropy change （ΔS）>0 indicated that the disorder degree of the entire system increases due to the adsorption of platinum group metal ions. However，temperature has little effect on ΔS. At the same time，after repeated adsorption and elution，the adsorption performance of MRT material had basically not changed，indicating that the resin materials used for the separation of platinum group metals （Pd，Pt，and Rh） had good regenerative adsorption performance and excellent stability，and then could be reused. Compared to traditional separation methods，molecular recognition technology had significant separation advantages and had become an indispensable separation technology in the metallurgical field.