Emerging pollutants,characterized by high environmental persistence,strong bioaccumulation,and significant biotoxicity,have posed serious threats to humans as well as the environment,and thus attracted global attention.Their rapid identification and precise detection are of critical significance for the risk control of emerging pollutants.

The escalating diversity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),arising from both intentional synthesis and inadvertent generation and release,has led to increasingly complex environmental PFAS compositions.In recent years,unknown PFAS have been frequently identified in the environment.However,the structural diversity and lack of corresponding reference standards pose significant challenges for the detection and identification of PFAS.Traditional targeted screening methods are often inadequate for detecting these compounds,making nontargeted analysis(NTA)using high-resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)essential for identifying unknown or suspected contaminants.Nevertheless,existing NTA techniques still face limitations in comprehensively characterizing the full spectrum of PFAS in the environment.Continuous optimization and development of sample preparation methods,instrumental analytical techniques,data processing algorithms,and software are gradually expanding the coverage of NTA for diverse PFAS.This review summarizes recent advances in HRMS-based NTA methodologies for PFAS,encompassing sample preparation,separation techniques,HRMS instrument and data acquisition modes,PFAS screening strategies,and NTA data processing approaches.Furthermore,the review discusses the current challenges and prospects of PFAS NTA,such as an in-depth exploration of gas chromatography-HRMS(GC-HRMS)applications in NTA,and the utilization of machine learning(ML)models for efficient processing of complex NTA datasets.Addressing these challenges will significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of PFAS identification in the environment,providing a scientific basis for the regulation and control of PFAS in the future.

The widespread presence of antibiotic residues,as emerging pollutants in environmental and biological systems,poses serious threats to ecological stability and public health.Although accurate,common chromatography-based analytical techniques often suffer from labor-intensive workflows and low portability,chemsensosrs/biosensors for the rapid,portable detection of antibiotics have emerged as a valuable tool in this field.Notably,transition metal sulfides(TMSs)have emerged as promising candidates for antibiotic sensing due to tunable electronic structures,high surface reactivity,and diverse dimensional architectures.This review critically summarizes recent advances in antibiotic recognition systems and especially emphasizes the utilization of TMSs as amplified signal-readout elements.The unique merits of TMSs for fast and sensitive sensing of antibiotics are highlighted.Special attention was given to the advanced sensing mechanisms as well as new perspectives for TMSs-based antibiotic detection.The sample pretreatment methods for antibiotic sensing are also summarized.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives are discussed to promote the development of robust,field-deployable TMSs-based antibiotic sensors.Overall,this review will not only facilitate readers to evaluate the current performance of TMSs-based antibiotic sensors in terms of sensitivity,selectivity,and response time,but also inspire new ideas for the development of further advanced systems.

Cataluminescence(CTL),a gas-solid chemiluminescence phenomenon generated during the catalytic oxidation of analytes,has emerged as a powerful platform for real-time detection of environmental pollutants.Compared with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry,CTL-based sensors feature rapid response,high sensitivity,low background noise,and the potential for miniaturization and field deployment.Over the past decades,CTL sensing research has advanced along two complementary directions:the rational design of catalytic materials to enhance sensitivity,selectivity,and operational stability;and the innovation of sensor architectures,including preconcentration-assisted sampling,aerosol coupling,and energy-enhanced excitation,to improve detection limits and adaptability.Parallel developments in CTL sensor arrays and multi-signal strategies have further enabled multidimensional analysis for complex pollutant mixtures.These advancements have extended CTL applications from volatile organic compounds to diverse gases and emerging contaminants.This review systematically discusses CTL principles,material design strategies,recent progress in device engineering,and representative environmental applications.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of next-generation CTL-based environmental monitoring systems are outlined.

Nowadays,methods for fast and accurate detection of antibiotics have raised a huge number of concerns over their prolonged environmental persistence,posing considerable threats to environmental ecosystems and human health,leading to gastrointestinal toxicity,allergic responses,and antibiotic resistance propagation.Among the current approaches,luminescent bimetallic organic frameworks(BiM-MOFs)have attracted considerable attention in antibiotics analysis due to their adjustable coordination environment,controllable emission characteristics,and diverse structural features.In this study,the preparation strategies for BiM-MOFs were categorised as one-pot and post-synthetic modification routes.Meanwhile,each of them has been thoroughly analyzed for the advantages of achieving robust BiM-MOFs.For systematic comparison,the key representative works for antibiotics analysis using BiM-MOFs are categorized as dual-luminescent metal center,single luminescent metal center,and non-luminescent metal center,respectively,based on the sensing roles of the metal nodes.Subsequently,recent advances of each strategy for realizing the fast and accurate detection of antibiotics have been discussed and analyzed in detail.Ultimately,our aim is to provide readers with an updated roadmap for antibiotics detection by BiM-MOFs,making it easier for them to extract information,inspiring further development of bimetallic MOFs and derivatives for diverse applications.

Bisphenol S(BPS)is an environmental endocrine disruptor that poses substantial risks to both ecosystems and human health.Its widespread occurrence necessitates the development of sensitive,rapid,cost-effective,and field-deployable analytical tools for environmental monitoring.Herein,we developed a plasmon-enhanced CdIn₂S₄/Bi₂WO₆Z-scheme heterojunction to construct a photoelectrochemical(PEC)aptasensor for BPS detection.The Z-scheme configuration between CdIn₂S₄and Bi₂WO₆significantly enhances the PEC response by suppressing recombination of photogenerated electronhole pairs.Further integration with gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)amplifies the photocurrent through the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)effect,yielding a highly efficient PEC sensing platform.A BPS-specific aptamer was immobilized on the electrode to enable selective target capture.The resulting aptamer-target complex,upon exposure to BPS,impedes interfacial electron transfer,resulting in a concentration-dependent decrease in the photocurrent.The PEC aptasensor exhibited a wide linear detection range of 5 nM to 50μM and a detection limit of 0.64 nM.The sensor demonstrated high selectivity against structurally similar interfering substances.Application to real water samples yielded results consistent with that of HPLC-MS/MS,confirming the sensor's reliability and practical applicability.This work establishes a sensitive,rapid,and robust PEC strategy for monitoring BPS in complex environmental matrices with potential for routine environmental analysis.

Green Analytical Chemistry attempts to develop analytical procedures that reduce the environmental impact of the reagents and processes while also ensuring efficiency and cost-effectiveness.This Green Chemistry philosophy impacts the analysis of contaminants in foodstuffs,a global concern due to their harmful effects on human health.Most contaminant extraction methods are based on organic solvents,which are toxic to humans and hazardous to the environment.Thus,using novel green extraction solvents to replace the current ones is a huge challenge.In this sense,Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents(NADESs)are a great alternative.These solvents have been proven to behave similarly to traditional solvents(i.e.,organic solvents and ionic liquids)in extracting and removing different contaminants from food samples.The synthesis of NADESs is simple and involves low-cost,environmentally friendly,and natural-origin constituents.Moreover,NADES-based extraction methods require fewer steps and reduce the risk for workers as milder experimental procedures are needed.Here,we review a critical gap in the literature:the application of NADESs in the extraction of food chemical contaminants.This review is relevant given the frequent combination of NADESs with organic solvents involved in sample preparation,a practice that confuses future users of this methodology and contradicts the basic principles of green chemistry.Following sustainable development objectives,avoiding these inconsistencies,and highlighting ecological methods to control contaminant residues in food samples are necessary.We believe this review will be a starting point for facilitating the implementation and commercialization of 100%green analytical methodologies applied to the food sector.

The integration of artificial nanozymes with photoelectrochemical(PEC)biosensing remains underexplored,primarily due to challenges in balancing catalytic efficiency,material stability,and interfacial charge dynamics.Herein,we present a novel split-type PEC biosensor that leverages Au@CeO₂yolk-shell nanozymes with robust phosphatase-mimicking activity and staggered band structure of WO₃/BiVO₄heterojunction for ultrasensitive detection of the breast cancer biomarker HER-2.Unlike conventional nanoenzymes,the yolk-shell architecture encases AuNPs within a CeO₂shell,synergistically enhancing catalytic efficiency by maximizing the active surface area while simultaneously preventing nanoparticle aggregation and leaching through a protective barrier.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the CeO₂(111)/Au(111)interface drastically reduces the energy barrier for phosphate ester bond cleavage(-16.94 eV vs.5.69 eV for free molecules),thereby enabling rapid hydrolysis of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate(AAP)into ascorbic acid.This catalytic amplification strategy,when integrated with a visible-light-responsive semiconductor substrate,enables zero-bias detection and while effectively eliminating interference from high-voltage operations.The biosensor achieves a detection limit of 41 fg/mL(S/N=3)for HER-2 across a linear range of 0.0001-100 ng/mL,surpassing existing methods.Remarkable selectivity,reproducibility(RSD=3.9%),and recovery rates(95.1%–102.4%)in serum further validate its clinical applicability.This work establishes a universal platform for nanozyme-driven PEC biosensing,presenting significant promise for future use in pathological diagnostics.

Alkynyl steroid hormones(ASHs),synthetic steroid hormones incorporating an alkynyl group,have been discovered to disrupt the endocrine system in humans profoundly.The existence of ASH residues in daily milk consumption might even heighten the risk of cancer for individuals.In this study,we propose a magnetic solid-phase extraction(MSPE)coupled with click chemistry derivatization-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC–MS)method for the rapid and highly sensitive determination of ASHs in milk samples.Specifically,Fe₃O₄magnetic nanoparticles coated with polypyrrole(Fe₃O₄-PPy)were prepared and utilized as the MSPE adsorbent to direct extract ASHs from milk samples.The entire process of MSPE was completed within 6 min.Subsequently,the reagent 4-azido-N-phenylbenzamide(4-ANPA)was employed for derivatizing the extracted ASHs through copper(Ⅰ)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction(CuAAC).The resulting 4-ANPA derivatives of a total of 8 ASHs were then detected using LC–MS.The established MSPE-click derivatization-LC–MS method exhibited satisfactory limits of detection ranging from 8.2 to 53.4 ng/L,good recoveries between 95.4%and 109.2%,as well as intra-day and inter-day precision with relative standard deviations below 11.3%.Overall,our developed method showcased rapid operation,high efficiency,excellent selectivity,and remarkable sensitivity for quantifying ASH levels in milk samples.

The detection of sodium tetraborate(ST)in meat is crucial for protecting human health.Surface analysis is a rapid onsite analytical technique suitable for food safety screening because of its timeliness.Therefore,we propose a kind of versatile ratiometric probe(TPQDs)for fluorescence(FL)and visual FL(VFL)detection of ST on meat surfaces by using tetraphenylethylene(TPE),Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots(QDs),and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA).TPE in TPQDs exhibits a weak emission at 445 nm because of its free intramolecular motions in the absence of ST.Upon adding ST,these motions become restricted because of the formation of the ST–PVA complex and the consequent viscosity increase of the probe solution.Consequently,the FL intensity of TPE is enhanced because of the aggregation-induced emission effect,whereas that of Mn-doped ZnS QDs at 605 nm negligibly changes.Quantitative analysis of ST is performed by studying the change in the FL intensity ratio of TPE to QDs.The detection limits of TPQD-based FL and VFL methods for ST are 4.77 and 150μg/L,respectively.Probe TPQDs are successfully applied to detect ST on pork and chicken meat surfaces when combined with the simple extraction and drop-casting sampling approaches,respectively.These results are verified via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.These probe TPQDs possess great potential for rapid onsite ST analysis because of their good detection performance.