Energy Storage and Charge/Discharge Performance of Sm-Doped NBT-Based Lead-Free Ceramics AITranslate

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DOI：https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c01066

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(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.75Sr0.25TiO3–x Sm2O3 ceramics (denoted as NBSTSx) were obtained by the solid-state reaction method, and their crystal structure and morphological characteristics were characterized by X-ray diffractometer mapping (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The NBSTSx ceramics, when doped with a concentration of x = 0.03, demonstrated outstanding performance in terms of maximum recoverable energy storage density (Wrec ∼ 3.35 J/cm3) and energy storage efficiency (η ∼ 84.8%). This ceramic exhibited the highest potential at an electric field strength of 210 kV/cm. Additionally, the thermal stability of NBSTS0.03 ceramic remained constant within the temperature range of 30–90 °C, while their frequency stability covered the range of 10–1000 Hz. By analyzing the dielectric spectra of the material, we investigated the variation of the relative permittivity (εr) and the dielectric loss angle tangent (tan δ), and we probed the relaxation behavior by means of a modified Curie–Weiss law. The NBSTSx ceramic with a density of x = 0.03 exhibited a fast charge/discharge rate of 128 ns and a discharge energy density of 1.06 J/cm3. From the impedance spectra, the relaxation phenomena observed in the system could potentially be attributed to the migration of oxygen vacancies.