Research Progress and Application Prospects in Production,Purification and Detection Technologies of Rubidium and Cesium Metals AITranslate
Abstract AITranslate
Rubidium and cesium resources in China were abundant,but they were difficult to utilize due to cost issues. Rubidium and cesium metals exhibited excellent physicochemical properties such as high chemical reactivity,low melting points,easy ionization,and excellent photoelectric effects. They had great potential for applications in energy,quantum,detection,etc. To enhance the utilization of rubidium and cesium resources,developing high-value-added rubidium and cesium metal products was one of the key approaches. The primary methods for producing rubidium and cesium metals included electrolysis,thermal decomposition,and thermal reduction. Initially,rubidium and cesium metals were prepared by electrolyzing molten rubidium chloride and cesium cyanide-barium cyanide melt,respectively.However,the electrolysis methodremained in laboratory settings due to its high operating temperatures,low efficiency,and chlorine pollution issues. The thermal decomposition method could produce high-purity metals with a purity of 99.998%,but its inefficiency and difficulty in collection made it unsuitable for industrial-scale production.Thermal reduction,with its simple process,showed the greatest potential for industrialization. Cesium salts,rubidium salts,and pollucite could be reduced to produce rubidium and cesium metals by metal reductants (such as lithium,sodium,magnesium,calcium,zirconium,and yttrium),achieving yields of 90% and purity of 99.98%. However,yield and purity were significantly influenced by raw materials,process conditions,and equipment performance.The purification methods primarily included distillation and segregation. Distillation could achieve 4N~5N (99.99%~99.999%) high-purity metals through multiple distillations,with high efficiency and low metal loss,but high operational temperatures and rigorous equipment requirements. Segregation could achieve 6N~9N (99.9999%~99.9999999%) high-purity metals with low temperature and simple operation,but high metal loss. For the production of high-purity metals,the synergistic application of thermal reduction and purification processes was typically required.Analytical techniques were facing challenges of high cost,operational complexity,and low efficiency,failing to meet high-purity metal testing requirements. It was urgent to develop rapid and precise simultaneous multi-impurity detection methods and establish corresponding standardized analytical protocols.Although most applied research was at the laboratory stage,the demand for rubidium and cesium metal continued to grow. In controlled nuclear fusion,the injection speed of cesium metal was 50 mg‧h−1 by cesium oven. In electric propulsion,a thruster assembly could carry 175 g of 6N cesium metal. In thermoelectric conversion,the mass flow rate of metallic cesium typically ranged from 0.2~0.5 g‧s−1. Additionally,to generate ion clouds,4 kg of cesium metal was consumed for a single test. In the quantum field,rubidium and cesium metals vapor cells wereindispensable in lasers and quantum precision measurement. In the detection field,rubidium and cesium metals were used in sputtering ion sources and hollow cathode lamps for atomic absorption spectroscopy. The prohibitive costs of rubidium and cesium metals hindered the industrial-scale adoption of applied research. Therefore,future technological development should concentrate on establishing standardized quality control systems and developing scaled-up thermal reduction-purification production technology.
KeyWords AITranslate
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Basic Information:
DOI:10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY25020012
Chinese Library Classification Number:TF826
Citation Information:
Rubidium and cesium resources in China were abundant,but they were difficult to utilize due to cost issues. Rubidium and cesium metals exhibited excellent physicochemical properties such as high chemical reactivity,low melting points,easy ionization,and excellent photoelectric effects. They had great potential for applications in energy,quantum,detection,etc. To enhance the utilization of rubidium and cesium resources,developing high-value-added rubidium and cesium metal products was one of the key approaches. The primary methods for producing rubidium and cesium metals included electrolysis,thermal decomposition,and thermal reduction. Initially,rubidium and cesium metals were prepared by electrolyzing molten rubidium chloride and cesium cyanide-barium cyanide melt,respectively.However,the electrolysis methodremained in laboratory settings due to its high operating temperatures,low efficiency,and chlorine pollution issues. The thermal decomposition method could produce high-purity metals with a purity of 99.998%,but its inefficiency and difficulty in collection made it unsuitable for industrial-scale production.Thermal reduction,with its simple process,showed the greatest potential for industrialization. Cesium salts,rubidium salts,and pollucite could be reduced to produce rubidium and cesium metals by metal reductants (such as lithium,sodium,magnesium,calcium,zirconium,and yttrium),achieving yields of 90% and purity of 99.98%. However,yield and purity were significantly influenced by raw materials,process conditions,and equipment performance.The purification methods primarily included distillation and segregation. Distillation could achieve 4N~5N (99.99%~99.999%) high-purity metals through multiple distillations,with high efficiency and low metal loss,but high operational temperatures and rigorous equipment requirements. Segregation could achieve 6N~9N (99.9999%~99.9999999%) high-purity metals with low temperature and simple operation,but high metal loss. For the production of high-purity metals,the synergistic application of thermal reduction and purification processes was typically required.Analytical techniques were facing challenges of high cost,operational complexity,and low efficiency,failing to meet high-purity metal testing requirements. It was urgent to develop rapid and precise simultaneous multi-impurity detection methods and establish corresponding standardized analytical protocols.Although most applied research was at the laboratory stage,the demand for rubidium and cesium metal continued to grow. In controlled nuclear fusion,the injection speed of cesium metal was 50 mg‧h−1 by cesium oven. In electric propulsion,a thruster assembly could carry 175 g of 6N cesium metal. In thermoelectric conversion,the mass flow rate of metallic cesium typically ranged from 0.2~0.5 g‧s−1. Additionally,to generate ion clouds,4 kg of cesium metal was consumed for a single test. In the quantum field,rubidium and cesium metals vapor cells wereindispensable in lasers and quantum precision measurement. In the detection field,rubidium and cesium metals were used in sputtering ion sources and hollow cathode lamps for atomic absorption spectroscopy. The prohibitive costs of rubidium and cesium metals hindered the industrial-scale adoption of applied research. Therefore,future technological development should concentrate on establishing standardized quality control systems and developing scaled-up thermal reduction-purification production technology.
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| GB/T 7714-2015 | [1] Saikui Wang, Zhengxin Li, Hongzhong Li, et al. Research Progress and Application Prospects in Production,Purification and Detection Technologies of Rubidium and Cesium Metals[J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2025, 49(10): 1620-1634. DOI:10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY25020012. |
| MLA | [1] Saikui Wang, et al., "Research Progress and Application Prospects in Production,Purification and Detection Technologies of Rubidium and Cesium Metals." Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, vol. 49, no. 10, 2025, pp. 1620-1634, https://doi.org/10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY25020012. |
| APA | [1] Saikui Wang, Zhengxin Li, Hongzhong Li, Huang Zhou, Xiangdong Gan, & Hongxu Li. (2025). Research Progress and Application Prospects in Production,Purification and Detection Technologies of Rubidium and Cesium Metals. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 49(10), 1620-1634. https://doi.org/10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY25020012 |
| IEEE | [1] Saikui Wang, Zhengxin Li, Hongzhong Li, Huang Zhou, Xiangdong Gan, and Hongxu Li, "Research Progress and Application Prospects in Production,Purification and Detection Technologies of Rubidium and Cesium Metals," Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 1620-1634, 2025, doi: 10.13373/j.cnki.cjrm.XY25020012. keywords: {rubidium;cesium;thermal reduction;purification;detection} |
