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β-SnSb for Sodium Ion Battery Anodes: Phase Transformations Responsible for Enhanced Cycling Stability Revealed by In Situ TEM AITranslate

Hezhen Xie; Xuehai Tan; Erik J. Luber; Brian C. Olsen; W. Peter Kalisvaart; Katherine L. Jungjohann; David Mitlin; Jillian M. Buriak;
University of Alberta; University of Alberta; University of Alberta; University of Alberta; University of Alberta;Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories; Clarkson University; University of Alberta
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Abstract AITranslate

β-SnSb is known to be a highly stable anode for sodium ion batteries during cycling, but its sodiation–desodiation alloying reactions are poorly understood. Combining in situ TEM with electroanalytical methods, we demonstrate that β-SnSb forms Na3Sb and Na15Sn4 in sequence upon sodiation and re-forms as β-SnSb upon desodiation. The negative enthalpy of mixing for Sn and Sb is sufficient to cause sequentially deposited bilayers of Sn/Sb to transform into β-SnSb, resulting in comparable cycling stability. The good cycling stability of β-SnSb results from the complex two-phase amorphous–nanocrystalline microstructure in the partially charged–discharged states, as well as the intrinsic mechanical toughness of the β phase. Per the in situ TEM results, the sequential phase transformation shows minimal fracturing of the β-SnSb, indicating facile buffering of stresses. Extensively cycled specimens eventually show crystalline Sn phase segregation, which may be the source of the ultimate capacity fade in the alloy and bilayers.

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DOI：https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00762

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Citation Information:

β-SnSb is known to be a highly stable anode for sodium ion batteries during cycling, but its sodiation–desodiation alloying reactions are poorly understood. Combining in situ TEM with electroanalytical methods, we demonstrate that β-SnSb forms Na3Sb and Na15Sn4 in sequence upon sodiation and re-forms as β-SnSb upon desodiation. The negative enthalpy of mixing for Sn and Sb is sufficient to cause sequentially deposited bilayers of Sn/Sb to transform into β-SnSb, resulting in comparable cycling stability. The good cycling stability of β-SnSb results from the complex two-phase amorphous–nanocrystalline microstructure in the partially charged–discharged states, as well as the intrinsic mechanical toughness of the β phase. Per the in situ TEM results, the sequential phase transformation shows minimal fracturing of the β-SnSb, indicating facile buffering of stresses. Extensively cycled specimens eventually show crystalline Sn phase segregation, which may be the source of the ultimate capacity fade in the alloy and bilayers.

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GB/T 7714-2015 [1] Hezhen Xie, Xuehai Tan, Erik J. Luber, et al. ACS Energy Letters, 2018(3). DOI:10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00762.
MLA [1] Hezhen Xie, et al., ACS Energy Letters, no. 3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00762.
APA [1] Hezhen Xie, Xuehai Tan, Erik J. Luber, Brian C. Olsen, W. Peter Kalisvaart, Katherine L. Jungjohann, David Mitlin, & Jillian M. Buriak. (2018). ACS Energy Letters(3). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00762
IEEE [1] Hezhen Xie, Xuehai Tan, Erik J. Luber, Brian C. Olsen, W. Peter Kalisvaart, Katherine L. Jungjohann, David Mitlin, and Jillian M. Buriak, ACS Energy Letters, no. 3, 2018, doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00762.