Paste backfill technology is one of the key supporting technologies to ensure national mineral resource security and implement the Two Mountains Theory.Nevertheless,the traditional extensive,experiencedependent,and mine-wide homogenized paste backfill design fails to satisfy the engineering requirements of goafs in terms of spatial difference,functional difference,and environmental constraint difference under complex mining conditions.To solve the above problems,the concept of personalized paste backfill was proposed.Taking differentiated paste performance requirements and precise customization of paste materials as the core,it achieved multi-objective directional regulation of paste backfill materials by identifying performance indexes of different mining areas and working conditions and combining mineral fingerprint characteristics of solid wastes.This paper elaborated the differentiated performance requirements of paste and precise customization of paste materials.The differentiated performance requirements of paste mainly cover mechanical properties,pipeline transport performance,consolidation forming performance,environmental safety,low carbon and emission reduction,and other aspects.The precise customization of paste materials involves raw material system identification,material structure optimization,cementitious system construction,functional component addition,and whole-process quality control.It is indicated that future research should be strengthened in goaf demand identification,solid waste mineral fingerprint analysis,intelligent decision-making of material proportioning,and system dynamic regulation methods,so as to promote the high-quality development of paste backfill towards refinement,intelligence,and customization.
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In response to the technical challenges faced by gold mines employing cyanidation gold extraction processes,such as the scarcity of backfill aggregates,the instability of traditional backfill performance,and high costs,this study conducted experimental research on lightweight energy-absorbing paste backfill.The basic physicochemical properties and energy absorption characteristics of the lightweight energy-absorbing backfill were systematically evaluated using XRD,slump and bleeding rate tests,uniaxial compressive strength tests,and triaxial compression mechanical behavior studies.The results indicate that when the dry density of the lightweight energyabsorbing backfill is between 500 kg/m3 and 650 kg/m3,the slurry bleeding rate ranges from 1.20%to 1.45%,achieving stable structural flow paste backfill.After 3 d of curing,the uniaxial compressive strength reaches 0.6–1.0 MPa.Furthermore,under triaxial confining pressure conditions,the material’s strength exhibits a positive correlation with increasing pressure,demonstrating excellent energy absorption characteristics.This research provides technical support for the subsequent promotion and application of lightweight energy-absorbing paste backfill in gold mines.
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As open-pit mining in the west mining area of the Songshunangou Gold Mine gradually approaches its final boundary,the transition to underground mining has become an important approach for deep resource development.During the open-pit to underground transition,the boundary crown pillar acts as a key isolation structure connecting the pit bottom and the underground stopes,and its thickness directly affects slope stability,underground mining safety,and surface subsidence control.To determine a reasonable crown pillar thickness,this study systematically analyzed the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of the mining area and applied several theoretical methods,including the thickness-span ratio method,load transfer intersection line method,Protodyakonov arch theory,and the K.B.Rubenietha empirical formula,to calculate the safety thickness of the crown pillar under different stope span conditions.The calculated safe thickness obtained from these theoretical approaches mainly ranged from 14 m to 20 m.By considering unfavorable factors such as fractured rock mass structures,freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions,and groundwater effects,an engineering safety allowance was introduced based on the theoretical results,and the minimum safe thickness of the boundary crown pillar was finally determined to be 25 m.Furthermore,a three-dimensional numerical model coupling the open pit and underground stopes was established using Flac3D to simulate the stress and displacement evolution during staged underground mining and backfilling.The simulation results show that under a crown pillar thickness of 25 m,the maximum compressive stress of the pillar is about 15 MPa,and the maximum displacement is 7.905 cm,both of which are within the rock mass strength and engineering stability limits,indicating that the crown pillar remains stable overall.The research results provide a scientific basis for the design of open-pit to underground mining at the mine.
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As metal mines progressively enter the stage of deep mining,the demands for mine safety as well as green and efficient production have become increasingly prominent.The backfilling mining method has emerged as a vital mining technique for deep ore bodies due to its effectiveness in ground pressure control,improvement of ore recovery rates,and enhancement of underground working conditions.Traditional backfilling mining methods,however,suffer from shortcomings such as high backfilling costs and significant labor intensity.Enhancing backfilling system efficiency,reducing mining backfilling costs,and decreasing workers’labor intensity have become key challenges in promoting backfilling in mines.As a novel solution to these challenges,intelligent backfilling technology has achieved positive results in many mining applications.This paper briefly introduced the basic concepts and principles of intelligent backfilling technology,analyzed the reasons for its rapid development,and provided a detailed overview of the current state of artificial intelligence algorithms in backfilling experiments as well as the construction of intelligent backfilling systems in China.Finally,the difficulties in research on intelligent backfilling technology were discussed,and some ideas for the future development direction of intelligent backfilling technology were provided.
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In response to the problems of low production efficiency,high boulder yield,and high comprehensive costs encountered in the upward horizontal cut-and-fill mining method at Jinshan Gold Mine,this study conducted a series of research on medium-depth hole blasting parameter optimization technology.Firstly,based on the Livingston blasting crater theory,fundamental medium-depth hole blasting parameters suitable for the rock mass conditions at Jinshan Gold Mine were determined through inversion derivation using single-hole,multihole,and inclined bench blasting crater tests.Subsequently,by utilizing the LS-DYNA numerical simulation software,fluid-structure interaction blasting models for both double-hole and multiple-row hole arrangements were established.A comparative simulation analysis of rock damage and fragmentation effects under different blasting pattern parameters(burden×spacing)was performed,leading to the identification of a 1.4 m×1.2 m blasting pattern as the optimal scheme.Finally,the optimized parameters were validated through field industrial trials.The results demonstrate that the optimized blasting scheme significantly reduces the stope boulder yield,improves the fragmentation uniformity of the blasted ore,and effectively enhances production efficiency.This provides an integrated systematic solution of"experimental study,numerical simulation,and industrial validation"for blasting parameter optimization in similar mines.
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As oxidized gold ores that are easier to process gradually deplete,the proportion of refractory arsenic-containing gold ores in global gold resources continues to rise.The simultaneous realization of"efficient dearsenication"and"gold liberation"has become one of the key challenges in the field of green metallurgy.Pressurized oxidation(POX)technology,relying on high-temperature and high-pressure wet environments,combines advantages such as fast reaction rates,effective arsenic solidification,and high gold recovery.It has demonstrated engineering potential in the pretreatment of some high-arsenic gold concentrates,achieving stable gold recovery rates of over 90%and dearsenication efficiency exceeding 95%.Based on the review of the mineralogical characteristics and arsenic occurrence states of arsenic-containing gold ores,this paper systematically summarized and compared experimental studies and industrial cases reported in recent years from four aspects:reaction mechanisms,thermodynamics and kinetics,process enhancement strategies,and arsenic fixation and environmental safety control.The results show that arsenopyrite and arsenical pyrite can be rapidly oxidized under conditions of 190℃–230℃,certain oxygen partial pressure,and acidity,where arsenic is converted from As(Ⅲ)to As(Ⅴ).Under suitable pH and n(Fe)(As)ranges,stable iron arsenate phases such as scorodite are preferentially formed,and the arsenic concentration in neutralization solutions can be reduced to milligram-per-liter levels.Segmented pressure strategies,increased slurry solid content,and optimized oxygen supply strategies help achieve nearautothermal operation,significantly reducing the consumption of external steam and fuel.The addition of solid arsenic carriers such as CaO and Fe2O3,along with the use of corrosion-resistant materials and structural optimization,can further improve arsenic residue leaching stability and extend the service life of equipment.Based on these findings,this paper discusses the applicability boundaries and advantages and limitations of POX in the clean pretreatment of arsenic-containing gold ores by considering energy consumption constraints and environmental emission requirements.Research demands related to digital twin simulation,intelligent process control,and arsenic residue resource utilization are proposed.The insights provided can offer theoretical support and technical references for process route selection,engineering scale-up design,and subsequent green transformation of high-arsenic refractory gold ores.
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As metal mines progressively enter the stage of deep mining,the demands for mine safety as well as green and efficient production have become increasingly prominent.The backfilling mining method has emerged as a vital mining technique for deep ore bodies due to its effectiveness in ground pressure control,improvement of ore recovery rates,and enhancement of underground working conditions.Traditional backfilling mining methods,however,suffer from shortcomings such as high backfilling costs and significant labor intensity.Enhancing backfilling system efficiency,reducing mining backfilling costs,and decreasing workers’labor intensity have become key challenges in promoting backfilling in mines.As a novel solution to these challenges,intelligent backfilling technology has achieved positive results in many mining applications.This paper briefly introduced the basic concepts and principles of intelligent backfilling technology,analyzed the reasons for its rapid development,and provided a detailed overview of the current state of artificial intelligence algorithms in backfilling experiments as well as the construction of intelligent backfilling systems in China.Finally,the difficulties in research on intelligent backfilling technology were discussed,and some ideas for the future development direction of intelligent backfilling technology were provided.
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In response to the problems of low production efficiency,high boulder yield,and high comprehensive costs encountered in the upward horizontal cut-and-fill mining method at Jinshan Gold Mine,this study conducted a series of research on medium-depth hole blasting parameter optimization technology.Firstly,based on the Livingston blasting crater theory,fundamental medium-depth hole blasting parameters suitable for the rock mass conditions at Jinshan Gold Mine were determined through inversion derivation using single-hole,multihole,and inclined bench blasting crater tests.Subsequently,by utilizing the LS-DYNA numerical simulation software,fluid-structure interaction blasting models for both double-hole and multiple-row hole arrangements were established.A comparative simulation analysis of rock damage and fragmentation effects under different blasting pattern parameters(burden×spacing)was performed,leading to the identification of a 1.4 m×1.2 m blasting pattern as the optimal scheme.Finally,the optimized parameters were validated through field industrial trials.The results demonstrate that the optimized blasting scheme significantly reduces the stope boulder yield,improves the fragmentation uniformity of the blasted ore,and effectively enhances production efficiency.This provides an integrated systematic solution of"experimental study,numerical simulation,and industrial validation"for blasting parameter optimization in similar mines.
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As oxidized gold ores that are easier to process gradually deplete,the proportion of refractory arsenic-containing gold ores in global gold resources continues to rise.The simultaneous realization of"efficient dearsenication"and"gold liberation"has become one of the key challenges in the field of green metallurgy.Pressurized oxidation(POX)technology,relying on high-temperature and high-pressure wet environments,combines advantages such as fast reaction rates,effective arsenic solidification,and high gold recovery.It has demonstrated engineering potential in the pretreatment of some high-arsenic gold concentrates,achieving stable gold recovery rates of over 90%and dearsenication efficiency exceeding 95%.Based on the review of the mineralogical characteristics and arsenic occurrence states of arsenic-containing gold ores,this paper systematically summarized and compared experimental studies and industrial cases reported in recent years from four aspects:reaction mechanisms,thermodynamics and kinetics,process enhancement strategies,and arsenic fixation and environmental safety control.The results show that arsenopyrite and arsenical pyrite can be rapidly oxidized under conditions of 190℃–230℃,certain oxygen partial pressure,and acidity,where arsenic is converted from As(Ⅲ)to As(Ⅴ).Under suitable pH and n(Fe)(As)ranges,stable iron arsenate phases such as scorodite are preferentially formed,and the arsenic concentration in neutralization solutions can be reduced to milligram-per-liter levels.Segmented pressure strategies,increased slurry solid content,and optimized oxygen supply strategies help achieve nearautothermal operation,significantly reducing the consumption of external steam and fuel.The addition of solid arsenic carriers such as CaO and Fe2O3,along with the use of corrosion-resistant materials and structural optimization,can further improve arsenic residue leaching stability and extend the service life of equipment.Based on these findings,this paper discusses the applicability boundaries and advantages and limitations of POX in the clean pretreatment of arsenic-containing gold ores by considering energy consumption constraints and environmental emission requirements.Research demands related to digital twin simulation,intelligent process control,and arsenic residue resource utilization are proposed.The insights provided can offer theoretical support and technical references for process route selection,engineering scale-up design,and subsequent green transformation of high-arsenic refractory gold ores.
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