Faced with the still severe situation of drug control,especially in the context of lacking effective monitoring equipment at the grassroots level,the rapidly developing wearable electrochemical sensors offer broad prospects for building fast,sensitive,non-invasive,and reliable detection platforms.As an emerging technology in the digital field,this technology not only satisfies the need for digitization in public security work but also facilitates the transition from"labor-intensive drug control"to"smart drug control".This review has summarized the significant progress made in recent years in the field of wearable electrochemical sensors for rapid drug detection.These sensors are capable of continuous and non-invasive monitoring of target compounds in bodily fluids,which not only aids in the dynamic tracking and supervision of individuals undergoing drug rehabilitation,enabling efficient dynamic management,but also ensures medication adherence for patients undergoing methadone substitution therapy.Furthermore,they will become powerful real-time monitoring tools for law enforcement personnel,assisting in the fight against drug trafficking and supporting on-site forensic testing.In the end,this review has proposed and discussed some challenges and gaps in the field of wearable electrochemical sensors and outlooked future directions,as well as put forward potential commercialization pathways,aiming to provide intellectual support for the substantial development of smart drug control efforts.

Bio-metallurgical technology is an innovative approach characterized by high efficiency and low consumption for the development and utilization of refractory mineral resources.However,in large-scale industrial applications,challenges such as low bacterial activity persist,and the oxidation process often leads to the formation of passivating materials on mineral surfaces,thereby hindering efficient pre-oxidation.This study focused on the oxidation mechanisms of microorganisms on mineral surfaces and the generation of surface passivation layers,and aimed to clarify the oxidation characteristics of microorganisms on gold-bearing pyrite—the main auriferous mineral in micro-fine-grained refractory gold ores—under different pH conditions,elucidate the patterns of microbial passivation behavior during pre-oxidation,and explore methods for eliminating passivated materials.The selected three dominant strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(A.f),Leptospirillum ferrooxidans(L.f)and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans(A.t)were used as raw materials,and 0 K medium was used as the base reaction solution;the concentration of the ore slurry was 5%,the inoculation amount of the bacterial solution was 10%,and the inoculation solution was the selected medium-temperature mixed bacterial solution with a volume ratio of A.f:L.f∶A.t=2∶1∶1(concentration of each bacterial solution ranged from 1 to 3×10⁸ cell·ml^-1)at a temperature of 35℃,a rotational speed of 140 r·min^-1,a constant temperature shaker incubator and a cycle of 10 d.The leaching experiments were carried out under a constant temperature shaker incubator at a speed of 140 r·min^-1 for 10 d.In order to examine the differences in oxidation between the bacterial and aseptic groups,respectively,the bacterial and aseptic groups were designed as controls.Five pH gradients were set up,and pH was adjusted every 6 h.pH was stabilized by adjusting it with 3 mol·L^-1 H_2SO4 and 1 mol·L^-1 NaOH solutions.During the experiment,the leaching solution's redox potential(ORP,vs.Ag/AgCl)was tested daily,and 1 ml of the leaching solution was taken to detect the iron content by inductively coupled plasma(ICP).Comparing the bacterial and aseptic pre-oxidation of gold-loaded pyrite,the redox potential of the bacterial group increased continuously,and ORP after leaching was 537 mV at pH1.6,558 mV at pH1.8,560 mV at p H 2.0,572 mV at pH 2.2,and 583 mV at pH 2.4.Bacterial enrichment of Fe³⁺as an oxidant for the leaching of gold-loaded pyrite by an"indirectcontact"mechanism of action.XPS and XRD analyses showed that the interaction between the bacteria and the mineral surface at pH 1.6 produced Fe(Ⅲ)-O(OH)intermediate passivates with a percentage of 18.19%and Fe(Ⅲ)-SO with a percentage of 5.51%,whereas the bacteria-free group did not find Fe(Ⅲ)-SO on the surface of the mineral,and the leaching rate of the group did not exceed 8%.Through comparative analysis,the percentage of S oxidation peak in pH 1.6 bacterial group was significantly stronger than that in the sterile group.The oxidation of S by bacteria was more thorough,and the percentage of sulfate peak formed by SO₄^2-was larger under the same pH value.In the oxidative leaching process of bacteria,from the analysis of pyrite mineral dissolution mechanism,because S-S bond on the surface of pyrite was weaker than Fe-S bond,the first breakage released S^-,through the transfer of electrons to generate S^2-,from the iron oxides to get the electrons to break the ring of Fe-S,to form the intermediate product of S-OH or the formation of S2^2-disulphide,which then generated the thiosulfate,and ultimately oxidized completely to generate sulfate.Compared to sterile oxidative leaching,the oxidation process of S by bacteria was more complete,and no intermediate valence state of sulfide occurred.During oxidative leaching,bacteria enhanced the oxidation process of disulfide and thiosulfate,accelerating the dissolution of pyrite.By adjusting pH of the biological preoxidation system,the pre-oxidation slag was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and it was found that the bacterial colony generated more Fe(Ⅲ)-O(OH)intermediate passivates on the mineral surface at high pH(>2.0),and at pH 2.4,the percentage of Fe(Ⅲ)-O(OH)reached 57.34%,which was combined with the data of the leaching rate,and the passivation phenomenon inhibited the leaching of iron at high pH In combination with the data of leaching rate,the passivation phenomenon inhibited iron leaching at high pH,while Fe(Ⅲ)-PO gradually decreased to disappear with the increase of pH,marking the gradual decrease of bacterial activity,and the proportion of Fe(Ⅲ)-PO was the highest at pH 1.8,reaching 24.36%.At low pH(<1.8),the oxidizing ability of bacteria was weakened,the percentage of Fe(Ⅲ)-PO decreased,the leaching rate was low,and the pyrite failed to be effectively dissolved.As a result of the experiment,the best leaching effect was achieved at pH 1.8,with a 10-d iron leaching rate of 35.07%,in which the bacteria generated the least Fe(Ⅲ)-O(OH)intermediate passivate on the mineral surface,the highest percentage of Fe(Ⅲ)-PO,and the strongest activity of bacteria.This study was conducive to exploring methods to inhibit the bio-preoxidation passivation of pyrite and break through the low efficiency of bio-preoxidation.

s a promising alternative to sluggish Li2CO3-based Li-CO2 electrochemistry, Li2C2O4 offers a favorable 2e− discharge pathway, yet its selective formation and reversible decomposition remain debated. Herein, we propose a nonmetal-metal synergistic catalyst—B-Ti coregulated layered transition metal boride Ti18B18O9/graphene (B-Ti/TiBOG)—to enable efficient CO2-to-Li2C2O4 conversion via frontier orbital engineering (FOE). Density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations reveal that the low electronegativity of B (O > N > C > B) induces asymmetric Ti coordination, driving strong B 2p and Ti 3d orbital hybridization near the Fermi level, and better structural stability, outperforming C/N/O-Ti analogs. Interestingly, this unique FO alignment activates CO2 by populating its antibonding orbitals through a bidirectional “acceptance-feedback” mechanism to enhance CO2 adsorption (from −0.19 to −1.05 eV). The B-Ti synergy selectively stabilizes Li2C2O4 nucleation while kinetically suppressing its conversion to Li2CO3 (barrier > 0.68 eV). Consequently, the hybrid B-Ti/TiBOG catalyst achieves exceptional bifunctionality, yielding a minimal total overpotential (0.75 V) for CO2-to-Li2C2O4 cycling—maintained in the tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) solvent environments. This work highlights electronegativity-driven FOE in B-Ti diatomic synergy as key for rechargeable Li-CO2 batteries.

This study examines the feasibility of integrating advanced battery technologies into electrified propulsion systems for aviation as a pathway toward carbon emission reduction. While the successful deployment of battery-powered electric vehicles (EVs) has demonstrated the potential of electrification in sustainable mobility, the aviation sector presents distinct technical and operational challenges that require specialized engineering solutions. This work provides a comprehensive review of recent industrial developments and scholarly literature to evaluate the technological, environmental, and economic viability of electrified aircraft. Key performance limitations and energy density constraints associated with current lithium-based batteries are analyzed, along with their safety considerations and life cycle sustainability. In addition, the operational costs of battery-powered and hybrid-electric aircraft concepts are compared with those of conventional jet fuel-based systems. Recent progress in hybrid-electric propulsion architectures, emerging battery chemistries such as lithium-metal and lithium-sulfur, and future directions for propulsion system integration are also discussed. Overall, this study offers insights into sustainable aviation strategies and identifies critical research directions to accelerate the transition toward carbon-neutral flight.